C1 - Atomic Structure Flashcards
what is the mass, charge and location of a proton
mass: 1
charge: +1
location: nuclues
what is the mass, charge and location of a neutron
mass: 1
charge: 0
location: nuclues
what is the mass, charge and location of an electron
mass: 0
charge: -1
location: in the shell
what is the relative atomic mass
protons + neutrons
(top number)
what is the atomic number
protons and electrons
(bottom number)
What happens in ionic bonding
- metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions
- non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions
what is ionic bonding
when metals and non-metals react, charged particles are formed called ions
what is an ion
ions are charged atoms with full outer shell of electrons
ionic bonding deffinition (scientific)
the electrostatic force of attraction between oppisitely charged ions
what are the properties of ionic compounds
the positive metal ions and negative non-metal ions are aranged in a regular, repeating 3D network called a Giant ionic lattice
what is convalent bonding
is formed when a pair of electrons between two non-metals so it gets a full outer shell
what is a molecue
a group of convalent bonded atoms
what is the group number in the periodic table equal to
the number of electrons in the outer shell
what is a solid
- fixed shape and volume
- particles are vibrating around a fixed position
what is a liquid
- particles are flowing and take the shape of the container
- no fixed shape but has a fixed volume
- irreglar arangment of particles
what is a gas
- no fixed shape or volume
- particles are moving repidy and randomly to take shape of the entire container
- irregular arangement of partciles
what is a double convalent bond
2 pairs of electrons ar shared
what is a triple convalent bond
3 pairs of electrons are shared
what is an alkene
molecules with a double carbon bonds
what is an alkane
a series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds
what is an atom
the smallest part of an element that can exist
what is an element
a substance of only one type of atom
what is a compound
two or more elements combined chemically in fixed proportions which can be represented by formulae
what is a mixture and does it have the same chemical properties as it constituent materials
two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined
(has the same chemical properties)
which methods can seperates mixtures (5 methods)?
Do these involve chemical reactions?
- Filtration
- Crystallisation
- Simple distilation
- fractional distilation
- chromotography
describe and explain simple distilation
- used to seperate a liquid from a solution
- liquid boils off and condenses in the condenser
- the thermometre will read the boiling point of the pure liquid
- contrary to evaporation, we get to keep the liquid
describe and explain crystallisation
- only remove some of the solvent by evporation to form a saturated solution (no more solid can be dissolved)
- cool down the solution
- the solid starts to crystalise as it becomes less soluble at lower temperatures
- the crystals can be collected and separated form the solvent via filtration
describe and explain evaporation
- a technique for seperation of a solid dissolved in a solvent from a solvent
- solution is heated until all the solvent evaporates
- the solids stays in the vessel
describe and explain fractional distilation
- a technique used for seperation of a mixture and liquids
- works when liquids have different boiling points
- the fractionating column contains glass beads (helps seperate the compounds)
- in industry mixtures are repeatedly condensed and vapourised
- the colunmn is hot at the bottom and cold at the top
- the liquids will condense at different height of the column
describe and explain filtration
- used to separate an insoluble solid is suspended into a liquid
- the insoluble solid (called residue) gets caught in the filter paper because the particles are too big to fit through the holes in the paper
- the filtrate is the substance that comes through the filtration paper
equipment: filtration paper, funnel
describe and explain chromotography
- used to separate a mixture of substances dissolved in a solvent
- in chromotography paper, we place a piece of paper with a spot containing a mixture in a beaker with some solvent
- the bottom of the paper has to be in contact with the solvent
- the solvent level will slowly start to rise, thus separating the spot (mixture) into few spots (components)
what is a separating funnel
- used to separate immisicble liquids
- two immisicble liquids of different densities will form two distinct layers in the separating funnel
- we can run off the bottom layer (the liquid with greater density) to a sesparate vessel
