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GCSE Chemistry > C4 > Flashcards

C4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chain molecules formed when monomers are joined together

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2
Q

What is usually required to make polymers synthetically?

A

High pressure and a catalyst

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3
Q

How does addition polymerisation work?

A

Where many alkenes open their C=C bond and join together, forming a polymer

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4
Q

How does condensation polymerisation work?

A

When two different monomers react and form a bond between them, while releasing a by-product (normally water)

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5
Q

How do you show the repeating unit of a polymer?

A

You take the monomer, turn the double bond into a single and draw bonds either side of the carbons, then put a pair of brackets and put an ‘n’ on the outside

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6
Q

What are the 2 different types of condensation polymers?

A

Polyester and polyamides

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7
Q

When are polyesters formed?

A

When dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers react, forming an ester link (O=C-O), and a by product of water

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8
Q

When are polyamides formed?

A

When dicarboxylic acid and diamine monomers react, forming an amide link (O=C-N-H), and a by product of water

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9
Q

Why is water formed in condensation polymerisation?

A

Because 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom are released in order for a 1 bond to be formed

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10
Q

How do you find the formulas of the monomers in a condensation polymer from it’s repeating unit?

A

1) Find the ester or amide link, and break it down the middle
2) Add an H or an OH to both ends of both molecules

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11
Q

What does an amide link look like?

A

O=C-N-H

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12
Q

What does an ester link look like?

A

O=C-O

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of natural polymers

A

DNA, Carbohydrates, Proteins

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14
Q

How are polymers held together?

A

The atoms in each chain are bonded via strong covalent bonds, but the chains are held together by weaker intermolecular forces

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15
Q

What are low density polymers?

A

Polymers that are made with lots of space in between chains, so are flexible but have relatively weak intermolecular forces

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16
Q

What are high density polymers?

A

Polymers that are packed closely together, so are stiff and have stronger intermolecular forces

17
Q

What are crosslinks and what do they do?

A

They are covalent or ionic links between polymer chains which make it stiffer, stronger, harder and have a high MP

18
Q

What is the structure and properties of giant covalent structures?

A

Atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
High melting and boiling points
Do not conduct (except graphite and graphene)

19
Q

What is the structure and properties of diamond?

A
  • Made of carbon
  • Each carbon covalently bonded to 4 other carbons
  • Giant covalent structure
  • High MP and BP
  • Does not conduct
  • Shiny and lustrous
20
Q

What is the structure and properties of graphite?

A
  • Made of carbon
  • Each carbon covalently bonded to 3 other carbons
  • Structure in layers, which are held together weakly
  • High MP and BP
  • Conducts
  • Black but still kind of shiny
21
Q

What does graphite conduct and diamond not?

A

Because in diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 other carbons, therefore there is no free electrons, whereas in graphite each carbon is only covalently bonded to 3 other carbons, so there is free electrons

22
Q

What is graphene and what are its properties?

A
  • A single sheet of graphite
  • Very strong
  • Transparent
  • Light
  • Great conductor
23
Q

What are ceramics and what are their properties?

A

Materials made by baking clay, which are stiff but brittle

24
Q

What are composites and what are their properties?

A

One material embedded in another, which takes on the properties of the materials it’s made from (e.g. concrete mixed with steel makes a harder, stronger wall)

25
Q

What are alloys and what are their properties?

A

A mixture of a metal and at least one other element, which takes on the properties of the elements it’s made from

26
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction involving both oxidisation and reduction

27
Q

What is the chemical equation for the corrosion of iron (rusting)?

A

Iron + Oxygen + Water > Hydrated Iron Oxide

28
Q

What are the 2 main methods of preventing corrosion?

A

1) Creating a barrier between the metal and the water and oxygen
2) The sacrificial method, in which you attach a more reactive metal, which will react with the water and oxygen instead of the metal you are protecting

29
Q

State 3 examples of the barrier method is preventing corrosion

A
  • Painting
  • Coating in plastic
  • Greasing/oiling
30
Q

Give an example of the sacrificial method is preventing corrosion

A

Attaching large magnesium blocks on steel ships

31
Q

Where in recycling do you require energy?

A

In collection, sorting and preprocessing

32
Q

What are life-cycle assessments?

A

Where you look at the life of a product and the different stages, working out the environmental impact

33
Q

What are the main stages in life-cycle assessments you must consider?

A
  • Choice of material
  • Manufacture
  • Shipping
  • Product use
  • Disposal
34
Q

What is 1nm?

A

1x10^-9m

35
Q

What are fullerenes?

A
  • Nanoparticles of carbon
  • Arranged in rings similar to graphite
  • Have delocalised electrons, so can conduct
  • High tensile strength
36
Q

What are the properties of nano-particles

A

Nanoparticles are so small that they have different properties than the same substance in normal-sized pieces- they have an incredibly high surface area to volume ratio

37
Q

Give 3 examples of uses of nanoparticles

A
  • Sun creams/deodorants
  • Can cause drugs to be absorbed easier, and could deliver drugs to the right areas, faster
  • Add to materials to make them stronger while adding little mass
38
Q

What are some of the concerns of nanoparticles?

A
  • They are so small they are able to get into cells deep within the body, and they could react in unknown ways
  • They are generally new tech, so have not been tested a lot for the possible hidden risks

GCSE Chemistry (6 decks)

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