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GCSE Chemistry > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does metallic bonding work?

A

Metallic bonds are formed from the attraction between a sea of delocalised mobile electrons and fixed, positively charged metallic atoms

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2
Q

State the reactivity series in descending order (most reactive first)

A 
Potassium
Sodium 
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Silver
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3
Q

How do you write an ionic equation?

A

1) Get the normal balanced equation
2) Everything that is (aq), split in to the different ions that make it up
3) Cancel out any ions that are on both sides of the equation

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4
Q

What are displacement reactions?

A

Reactions in which more reactant metals displace less reactive metals
e.g. copper sulfate + iron>iron sulfate + copper

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5
Q

What happens when metals react with acids?

A

acid+metal>salt+hydrogen

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6
Q

What happens when metals react with water?

A

metal+water>metal hydroxide+hydrogen

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7
Q

How can metals below carbon in the reactivity series be extracted?

A

By reduction with carbon

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8
Q

How can metals above carbon in the reactivity series be extracted?

A

By electrolysis

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9
Q

What is phytoextraction?

A

Growing plants in soil which contain metal compounds
-The plants can’t get rid of the compounds so they gradually build up in leaves
The plants can be burnt- the ash will contain metal compounds which can be extracted

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10
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Using bacteria to convert insoluble compound in the ore to soluble compounds, separating the metal and the ore

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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of biological extraction methods?

A 
PROS-
- Less damaging to the environment
- Require less energy
- Can extract from waste material so less 'new' ores need extracting
CONS-
- Take a lot more time
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12
Q

What is oxidation in terms of electrons?

A

Loss of electrons

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13
Q

What is reduction in terms of electrons?

A

Gain of electrons

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14
Q

What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?

A

Gain of oxygen

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15
Q

What is reduction in terms of oxygen?

A

Loss of oxygen

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16
Q

What do half equations show?

A

The movement of electrons

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17
Q

Question:

Sodium is oxidised as it loses one electron, write the half equation for this reaction

A

Answer:

Na > Na+ + e-

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18
Q

Question:

Write a half equation to show a chlorine molecule being reduced to become chlorine ions

A

Answer:

Cl2 + 2e- > 2Cl-

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19
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Where an electric current is passed through an electrolyte (a molten or dissolved ionic compound). The ions then move to the electrodes, where they react

20
Q

What happens at the cathode during electrolysis?

A

The metal ion is reduced (gains electrons)

21
Q

What happens at the anode during electrolysis?

A

The non-metal ion is oxidised (loses electrons)

22
Q

What happens at the cathode during electrolysis of an aqueous solution?

A

If the metal is more reactive than hydrogen, hydrogen gas will be produced
If the metal is less reactive than hydrogen, the metal will be produced

23
Q

What happens at the anode during electrolysis of an aqueous solution?

A

If there’s a concentrated solution of chloride ions, chlorine, molecules will be formed
If no chloride ions are present, oxygen will be formed

24
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

The bonding of 2 non-metals, in which they share electrons in the aim of getting a full outer shell, with strong electrostatic forces holding the atoms together, but much weaker forces holding the molecules together

25
Q

Why do simple covalent structure have low MP and BP?

A

Because although the covalent bonds between atoms themselves are strong, the only thing holding the molecule together is weak intermolecular forces- these are easily broken hence the low MP and BP

26
Q

What is the trend between size of molecule are MP and BP and why?

A

The greater the size of the molecule, the higher the MP and BP, as there are stronger intermolecular forces

27
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

28
Q

What is the order of prefixes? (1-6)

A 
Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-
Pent-
Hex-
29
Q

What is the formula for the complete combustion of any carbon-based compound?

A

Carbon based compound + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water

30
Q

Draw methane

A

H
Methane: H-C-H
H

31
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation

A

Used to separate hydrocarbons

  • Oil is heated to gas
  • Fractional column has condensers
  • Column is heated from the bottom so there is a temperature gradient
  • The hydrocarbons have boiling points which condense back into liquids and drain out of the columns.
32
Q

What are the uses of crude oil?

A

They are very many uses of crude oil, but the main include-

  • Fuel for all modern transport
  • Heating
  • Plastics
  • Clothing
  • And thousands of other day to day products
33
Q

What is cracking?

A

Splitting up long-chain hydrocarbons- hydrocarbons are heated until they become vapour and split apart`

34
Q

How many bonds must a carbon atom have?

A

4

35
Q

How many bonds must a hydrogen atom have?

A

1

36
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C(n)H(2n)

37
Q

True or False:

Methene has one carbon atom in it

A

False, methene does not exist, alkenes have a C=C bond and that would be impossible with only 1 carbon

38
Q

Draw propene

A

H H
H-C-C=C
H H H

39
Q

What are addition reactions with alkenes?

A

Where the C=C bond breaks, allowing room for new atoms to come in

40
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

41
Q

Draw methanol

A

H
H-C-O-H
H

42
Q

How do you turn an alcohol into a carboxylic acid?

A

You oxidise it

43
Q

How would you describe the structural pattern of carboxylic acids?

A

It is like alkanes except at the end it has the C=O and C-O-H

44
Q

Draw ethanoic acid

A

H
H-C-C=O
H O-H

45
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

GCSE Chemistry (6 decks)

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