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Chemistry > C4 > Flashcards

C4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of elements can form covalent bonds?

A

Only nonmetals can form covalent bonds

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2
Q

What do covalent bonds do with electrons?

A

Covalent bonds share electrons.

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3
Q

What is an example of a common covalent bond?

A

Hydrogen, bonds to create H2.

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4
Q

Why do atoms form covalent bonds?

A

To become stable, as they have a full outer shell

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5
Q

How strong are the bonds formed by covalent bonds?

A

The bonds are very strong

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6
Q

How strong are the intermolecular forces formed by covalent bonds?

A

Very weak intermolecular forces

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7
Q

What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

A

Electrons are transferred between atoms.

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8
Q

During ionic bonding why are electrons transferred?

A

To make the outer shell full, and stable.

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an element which has lost or gained electrons, causing it to become charged.

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10
Q

What do atoms with most of the outer shell full do?

A

They gain electrons, causing them to become negatively charged.

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11
Q

What do atoms with little in the outer shell do?

A

They lose electrons, causing them to become positively charged.

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12
Q

What structure do ionic bonds between metals form?

A

Giant ionic lattices

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13
Q

When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

Ionic compounds in solid form can not conduct electricity. But in gas or liquid form, the compounds can conduct electricity.

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14
Q

What is an example of ionic bonding?

A

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

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15
Q

What happens to metals when they form ions?

A

They lose electrons

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16
Q

What happens to non-metals when they form ions?

A

They gain electrons

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17
Q

How do you draw ionic bonding?

A

Each atom is in square brackets, with the charge on the outside. Dots and crosses are often used to show the transfer of electrons.

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18
Q

Why do atoms form ionic bonds?

A

To get a complete outer shell.

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19
Q

What is an isotope?

A

“Different forms of the same element which have the same number of protons but a differing number of neutrons”

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20
Q

Give an example of an isotope?

A

Carbon 12 and Carbon 14

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21
Q

What does the ‘group number’ on the periodic table refer to?

A

The number of the group shows how many electrons are in the outer shell

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22
Q

What does the ‘period’ refer to on the periodic table?

A

The number of shells that element has.

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23
Q

What is the name used to refer to group one elements?

A

The ‘Alkali Metals’

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24
Q

What happens to the reactivity of a metal the further down the group it is.

A

The reactivity increases.

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25
Q

Why does the reactivity of the metal increase the more shells it has?

A

Becuase the more shells the element has the further away the electrons are from the protons in the nucleus. This means the more shells the atom has, the weaker the forces of attraction. This means less energy is needed to lose an electron, causing it to be more reactive.

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26
Q

What happens when an Alkali Metal (Group one) is dropped in water?

A

It vigorously reacts, moving quickly across the surface. Sometimes a coloured flame is produced.

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27
Q

How are Alkali Metals stored?

A

They are stored in oil to prevent them from coming into contact with water or moisture, due to their high levels of reactivity.

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28
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction of an alkali metal with water?

A

Metal + Water —> Metal Hydroxide + Hydroged

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29
Q

What color flame does lithium produce?

A

Red flame

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30
Q

What color flame does Sodium produce?

A

Yellow / Orange flame

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31
Q

What color flame does Potassium produce?

A

A Lilac flame

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32
Q

What is a superconductor?

A

A superconductor is a metal without resistance.

33
Q

Why are superconductors important?

A

Because they allow for the transport of energy without any being lost.

34
Q

What is the current problem with using super conductors?

A

They only work at extremely low temperatures

35
Q

What are the two main sources of water?

A

Surface Water and Ground Water

36
Q

What is the main problem with fresh water?

A

It is a limited resource and is being used up quickly. My 2025 the UK might not have enough fresh water to sustain the populous.

37
Q

What are the three stages of water purification?

A

Filtration, Sedimentation and Chlorination.

38
Q

What happens during filtration?

A

A wire mesh filters out large objects such as sticks and rocks. Screens of sand filter out other particles.

39
Q

What happens during sedimentation?

A

Iron sulfate or Aluminum sulfate is added to clump together fine particles.

40
Q

What happens during Chlorination?

A

Chlorine gas is bubbled through the water to remove microbes and bacteria.

41
Q

What impurities can be found in tap water

A

Nitrate residue - Fertiliser
Lead - Old pipes
Pesticide residue

42
Q

What did J.J Thompson say about the atom?

A

He created the plum pudding model, and he suggested that electrons were present in atoms.

43
Q

What did Ernst Rutherford do about the atom?

A

In 1909 Ernst Rutherford conducted an experiment involving ‘shooting’ atoms at a thin layer of gold foil. He found most atoms gone through the foil, showing it was partially hollow.

44
Q

What did Bohr suggest about the atom?

A

Bohr suggested a refined version of Rutherford’s model, that electrons had fixed ‘orbits’ around the nucleus.

45
Q

What is the relationship between the protons and electrons?

A

That the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

46
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons altogether in the atom.

47
Q

How does one calculate the number of neutrons?

A

The mass number - the atomic number.

48
Q

Is the mass number the bigger or smaller number?

A

The larger number.

49
Q

What is water distillation?

A

The process of turning sea water into drinking water.

50
Q

What are the problems with water distillation?

A

1) It requires lots of energy
2) It is very expensive
3) Not practical for large quantities.

51
Q

What is tested for when testing for water purity?

A

Testing for dissolved ions

52
Q

What solution is added to test for sulfate ions?

A

Barium chloride

53
Q

What precipitate is made when sulfate ions are found with barium chloride?

A

A white precipitate.

54
Q

What solution is added to test for halide ions?

A

Silver Nitrate

55
Q

What precipitate is made when chlorine ions are found?

A

White precipitate

56
Q

What precipitate is made when Bromide ions are found?

A

cream precipitate

57
Q

What precipitate is made when Iodine ions are found?

A

pale yellow precipitate

58
Q

What group are the Halogens from?

A

Group 7

59
Q

What sort of ions do they form?

A

Negative ions, as they gain an electron.

60
Q

What happens to group seven elements as you go down the group?

A

They become less reactive. Because they have a higher atomic radius so have less need to form an ion.

61
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gaining of electrons

62
Q

What group does group 7 react vigorously with?

A

Group one

63
Q

What happens when group 7 reacts with group 1?

A

They form metal salts. (Metal Halides)

64
Q

What is the word equation between sodium and chlorine?

A

Sodium + Chlorine —-> SodiumChloride

65
Q

What is the displacement of Halogens?

A

More reactive halogens take the place of the lower reactive ones.

66
Q

What happens to a reaction between chlorine and potassium iodide?

A

The chlorine displaces the iodine, as it is more reactive.

Chlorine + potassium iodine —-> Potassium Chloride + Iodine.

67
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

The loss of electrons

68
Q

Symbol Equation of group one metal with Water (Sodium example)

A

2Na + 2H20 —-> 2NaOH+H2

69
Q

Who were the four scientists that worked on the periodic table?

A

Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev and Moseley.

70
Q

What did Dobereiner’s model group the elements by?

A

3 elements with similar properties.

71
Q

What did Newlands’ model group the elements by?

A

8 elements with similar properties.

72
Q

What did Mendeleev’s model group the elements by?

A

Grouped by atomic mass.

73
Q

What did Moseley’s model group the elements by?

A

Grouped by atomic number.

74
Q

What confirmed Mendeleev’s idea if he grouped by atomic number?

A

Experiments and the work of Henry Moseley.

75
Q

What did Mendeleev have in his table that the others before him didn’t?

A

He left gaps.

76
Q

What did Dobereiner call the 3 element groups?

A

Triads.

77
Q

What did Newlands call the 8 element groups?

A

Octaves.

78
Q

Between which elements could Mendeleev predict the properties of undiscovered elements?

A

Arsenic and zinc.

Chemistry (8 decks)

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