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Chemistry > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four additives found in food?

A
  • Food Colouring
  • Flavour Enhancers
  • Antioxidants
  • Emulsifiers
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2
Q

What is the purpose of food colouring?

A

To add colour to the food and to make it look more appealing

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3
Q

What is the purpose of flavour enhancers?

A

To enhance the taste and smell of food without adding taste.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of antioxidants?

A

Antioxidants are designed to preserve food.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of emulsifiers?

A

Emulsifiers help oil and water ‘blend’ together. They prevent oil and water from separating.

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6
Q

What is an emulsion and how is one made?

A

An emulsion is a mixture of oil and water, it works by suspending droplets of one liquid In another liquid.

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7
Q

How does the emulsifier molecule work?

A

The emulsifier molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The head binds to water while the tail binds to oil.

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8
Q

What are the four reasons / purposes of cooking food?

A

1) To produce a better taste / texture
2) Make food easier to digest
3) Killing bacteria
4) Some foods are poisonous when raw

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9
Q

Why is cooking a chemical change?

A

Because the process is irreversible and new substances are produced.

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10
Q

What changes occur to eggs and meat while cooking?

A

*Protein molecules change shape as chemical binds in the protein are broken, this makes the food have a better texture

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11
Q

What happens during the cooking of potato?

A

The rigid cell wall which is made from cellulose is broken down, allowing the potato to be softer and easier to eat.

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12
Q

What process happens when you heat baking powder?

A

Thermal decomposition occurs

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13
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

Is when a substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated. There is only one reactant in this type of reaction.

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14
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction of baking powder?

A

Sodium hydrogen-carbonate —> sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

What chemical test can be used to test for carbon dioxide?

A

The limewater test, it turns cloudy is co2 is present.

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16
Q

Where do Esters come from?

A
  • Natural sources(Flowers…)

* Artificial sources

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17
Q

What is the process called to manufacture artificial esters?

A

Esterfication

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18
Q

What type of catalyst is used while making an ester?

A

An acid catalyst is used, (Concentrated sulphuric acid.)

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19
Q

What is the word equation for making an ester?

A

Acid + Alcohol —> Ester + Water

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20
Q

What are the 5 properties perfumes must have?

A
  • Easily Evaporate
  • Non-Toxic
  • Un reactive with water
  • Non irritable to the skin
  • Insoluble in water
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21
Q

Why must perfumes easily evaporate?

A

To allow the smell to get into the air

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22
Q

Why must perfumes be non toxic?

A

Because they should not poison or damage the skin of the person using it.

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23
Q

Why must perfumes not react with water?

A

Would have an adverse effect by reacting with sweat or rain.

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24
Q

Why must perfumes not irritate the skin?

A

Because it must be able to be applied to the skin without risk of burning or damaging the skin.

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25
Q

Why must perfumes be insoluble in water?

A

To prevent them from washing off in the rain or anytime you got wet.

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26
Q

Why must perfumes be tested?

A

To ensure they are safe to use on humans and won’t cause people any harm.

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27
Q

What is the problem with animal testing?

A

Some people think it’s wrong to test cosmetic products on animals as it causes the animal suffering and is often inconclusive anyways.

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28
Q

What does the EU say on animal testing?

A

The vast majority of animal tests are now banned in the EU.

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29
Q

What does the term: solution mean?

A

A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent.

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30
Q

What does the term: solute mean?

A

The solute is the substance being dissolved.

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31
Q

What does the term: solvent mean?

A

The solvent is the liquid the solute is dissolving into.

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32
Q

What does the term: soluble mean?

A

It means a substance will dissolve.

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33
Q

What does the term: insoluble mean?

A

It means the substance will not dissolve.

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34
Q

What does the term: solubility mean?

A

Solubility is a measure of how much of a substance will dissolve.

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35
Q

What are the three main components of paint?

A
  • Solvent
  • Binding Medium
  • Pigment
36
Q

What is the role of the pigment?

A

To give the paint it’s colour.

37
Q

What is the role of the binding medium?

A

The binding medium is the liquid that holds together the pigment, it ‘sticks’ the pigment to the surface.

38
Q

What is the role of the solvent?

A

The solvent thins the paint and makes it easier to spread.

39
Q

What are the two types of paint?

A
  • Water based

* Oil based

40
Q

What is the solvent in water based paint?

A

The solvent is water

41
Q

What is the binding medium in water based paints?

A

The binding medium is normally an acrylic or vinyl polymer.

42
Q

How does water based paint dry?

A

It dries as the solvent evaporates leaving behind the pigment and a thin layer of binding medium. They don’t produce toxic fumes and dry quickly.

43
Q

In oil based paints what is the binding medium?

A

The binding medium is oil.

44
Q

In oil based paints what is the solvent?

A

The solvent is an organic compound.

45
Q

How do oil based paints dry? (2 Stages)

A

1) The solvent evaporates

2) The oil is oxidised in the air before it turns solid.

46
Q

What are the best uses for oil based paint?

A

Because they produce harmful gasses oil based paints are best used outdoors. They are also waterproof and hard wearing.

47
Q

What are Thermometric pigments?

A

Pigments which change colour depending on heat.

48
Q

What are phosphorescent pigments?

A

Pigments which absorb light and glow in the dark.

49
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a chain of monomer molecules.

50
Q

What type of hydrocarbons normally make polymers?

A

alkenes

51
Q

what is the process called to make a polymer from alkene monomers?

A

Addition Polymerization.

52
Q

What makes a molecule unsaturated?

A

Molecules which have at least one double covalent bond.

53
Q

How do alkenes join together?

A

The double bond ‘opens up’ to allow a bond with another alkene to be formed.

54
Q

What are strong rigid polymers used for?

A

Rigid polymers such as polyethene are used to makr plastic milk bottles.

55
Q

What is Nylon?

A

Nylon is a synthetic polymer often used to make clothes.

56
Q

What is the advantage of goretex?

A

Goretex is both waterprrof and breathable, making it very good for outdoor clothing.

57
Q

What is the main problem with disposing of polymers?

A

Many polymers are not biodegradable, meaning they do not decompose into the ground.

58
Q

How are polymers disposed?

A

Some polymers are sent to landfill although the majority are recycled into new products.

59
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon?

A

A Hydrocarbon is a compound that only contains hydrogen and compound.

60
Q

What type of bonds are found in all hydrocarbons?

A

Covenant bonds.

61
Q

What type of hydrocarbons have single bonds?

A

Alkanes

62
Q

What will alkanes not form?

A

Polymers (No Double Bonds)

63
Q

What is Fractional Distillation?

A

The Separation of crude oil into smaller hydrocarbons to make it more useless.

64
Q

What equipment is used during fractional distillation?

A

A fractionating column.

65
Q

What happens to large molecules during fractional distillation?

A

They remain at the bottom of the column as they are more dense.

66
Q

What is the molecule at the top of the fractional column?

A

LPG (It is the least dense)

67
Q

What is the molecule at the bottom of the fractional column?

A

Bitumen (Most Dense)

68
Q

What is the order of the fractions?(Bottom to Top)

A
  • Bitumen
  • Oil
  • Diesel
  • Kerosene
  • Naphtha
  • Petrol
  • LPG
69
Q

What three properties change as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule differs?

A
  • The boiling point
  • Viscous level (How easily it flows)
  • Volitility
70
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is splitting up long chain hydrocarbons.

71
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Cracking is a Thermal decomposition reaction.

72
Q

What are the two main conditions required for cracking?

A
  • Catalyst(powdered)

* Heat

73
Q

Why is cracking important?

A

Cracking allows us to produce more of the more used hydrocarbons such as petrol.

74
Q

What type of energy source is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is Non-Renewable

75
Q

What is the main two issues with relying on crude oil as our main fuel?

A
  • Will run out in the near future

* Causes damage to the environment.

76
Q

How is oil a political issue?

A

As oil is used up the price of oil along with its products (fuel) will also rise. Countries with more oil will become more powerful. This could lead to wars.

77
Q

How is oil a Environmental issue?

A

*Oil spills damage wildlife and cause damage to habitat.

78
Q

What are the seven factors to consider while choosing a fuel?

A 
T oxicity
E nergy value
A vailability 
C ost
U sability 
P ollution 
S torage
79
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen

—-> carbon dioxide + water

80
Q

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide
+ carbon

81
Q

Which type of combustion is unsafe?

A

Incomplete Combustion

82
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is a plentiful oxygen supp;ly.

83
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there is not a plentiful oxygen supply.

84
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A colloid is a mixture in which one substance is spread or dispersed evenly in another.

Different from solutions because none of the substances are dissolved

Paints are colloids

85
Q

Why don’t the components of a colloid separate

A

Because the particles are dispersed throughout the mixture and are too small to settle

86
Q

What is volatility in terms of a liquid?

A

It is a measure of how easily a liquid evaporates

87
Q

What is the approximate composition of the earths atmosphere currently ?

A

78% nitrogen (n2)
21% oxygen (o2)
0.035% carbon dioxide (co2)
The rest is other gases

Chemistry (8 decks)

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