C4

Question 1

How is the Periodic table arranged?

Answer 1

Into groups and periods, in order of their proton number, this allows patterns to be found from their relative atomic masses and properties

Question 2

What did Dobereiner discover?

Answer 2

He noticed ‘triads’ linking the RAM for three elements

Question 3

What did Newlands discover?

Answer 3

He noticed ‘octaves’ where every eighth element had similar properties?

Question 4

How did attitudes to early models of the periodic table develop?

Answer 4

At first Mendeleev’s table with gaps and predictions, Newlands’ triads and Dobreiner’s octaves were dismissed but when new elements were discovered that fit the patterns they were accepted

Question 5

What are the group 1 metals and how do they react when cut?

Answer 5

Lithium, sodium, potassium are group 1 metals, when alkali metals are cut they are shiny at first then quickly tarnish in moist air due to reactions with oxygen.

Question 6

What happens when alkali metals react with water?

Answer 6

They form hydrogen and an alkali solution of a hydroxide with the formula MOH

Question 7

What happens when alkali metals react with chlorine?

Answer 7

They react vigorously to form colourless, crystalline salts withthe formula MCl

Question 8

What trends are there in group 1 reactions with water?

Answer 8

As you go down the group they react with water more violently and vigorously

Question 9

What are the main hazard symbols?

Answer 9

Highly flammable(big flame), toxic(skull and cross bones), corrosive (chemicals corroding), harmful(big x), explosive (explosion), oxidising(empty circle on fire)

Question 10

What state and colour are halogens (group 7) at room temp and what colour as gases?

Answer 10

Chlorine is a pale green gas, bromine is a red-brown liquid and iodine a dark grey solid. As a gas chlorine is pale green, bromine reddish-brown, iodine purple

Question 11

What is notable about all halogen molecules?

Answer 11

They are all diatomic, have 2 atoms joined together

Question 12

What trends are there in group 7 in terms of reactivity?

Answer 12

As you go up the group they become more and more reactive

Question 13

How does this reactivity affect their displacement of each other?

Answer 13

A displacement happens within a reaction when a more reactive (higher) halogen takes the place of a less reactive (lower) halogen.

Question 14

How many electrons are in the outer shell of all group 1 metals?

Answer 14

1 electron in the outer shell, so form positive ions

Question 15

How many electrons are in the outer shell of all group 7 metals?

Answer 15

7 electrons in the outer shell, so form negative ions

Question 16

What safety precautions need to be taken when handling group 7s?

Answer 16

They are corrosive and toxic, they need to be kept in a fume cupboard when not in use

Question 17

What are the state symbols and what do they mean?

Answer 17

(s) is for solids, (g) is for gases, (l) is for liquids and (aq) is for aqueous, when the substance is dissolved in a water solution.

Question 18

How is an atom structured?

Answer 18

In the center is a very small nucleus containing protons and neutrons and then surrounding these are shells containing electrons

Question 19

What is the relative charge and mass of each sub atomic particle?

Answer 19

Protons have a charge of +1 and a RAM of 1, neutrons have no charge and a RAM of 1, electrons have virtually no RAM and a charge of -1, all atoms have the same number of protons and electrons to balance their charge

Question 20

What is a line spectrum and how does it relate to each element?

Answer 20

When heated elements emit a distinctive flame colour that can be put on a line spectrum to give a unique characteristic, these spectra can be studied to help discover what element it is and if its a new element.

Question 21

How can we work out how many protons, neutrons and electrons an element has from the periodic table?

Answer 21

The proton number is the number of protons and so also the number of electrons, the RAM minus the proton number is the number of neutrons.

Question 22

How do the electrons in the outer shell correlate across the periodic table?

Answer 22

Across a period, the number of electrons in the outer shell increases by 1, down a group the number of electrons in the outer shell is the same

Question 23

Molten compounds of metals with non-metals conduct electricity, what is this evidence of?

Answer 23

That they are made up of charged particles called ions as when liquid they are free to move so the ions must move to the electrodes to complete the circuit and conduct electricity.

Question 24

What is an ion?

Answer 24

An ion is an atom that has gained or lost an electron/electrons and so it has a complete outer shell and a positive or negative charge

Question 25

What kind of compound is a compound of group 1 and group 7? What do they form?

Answer 25

An ionic compound is a compound of a non-metal and metal. They form crystals as they are arranged in a pattern called a regular lattice.

Question 26

What happens to the ions when an ionic crystal melts or dissolves in water? and then what if an open circuit is put into the solution?

Answer 26

When dissolved in water the ions become free to move and so when a circuit is put in the solution the ions are able to move independently around the solution to complete the circuit as they are charged and able to freely morve