c3.1 Flashcards
integration of body systems
multiple subsystems that are interdependent and work together to produce an overall function
coordination in body systems
this is called system intergraton where all systems work together sucessfully
tissues in body systems
tissues are groups of cells that work together
they communicate by chemical or electrical signals
they can be all the same or diffferent cells that work together
organs body systems
a group of tissues
tissues within an organ all must complete theit functions deperately for sucess
body/organ systems
groups of organs, there are 11 in humans, normally connected physically apart from something like the endocrine syste
organsim
tissue+organ+body system
emergent properties
Emergent properties are characteristics or behaviors that arise in a system as a result of the interactions between its components, which are not present in the individual parts alone.
“the whole is worth more than its parts”
you wouldnt know the effectiveness of a cheeta as a predator looking at 1 part
nervous system
- the CNS, brain and spinal cord
- the nerves - PNS peripheral all nerves in body
- coordinates and regulates body functions
endocrine system
- hormones produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the blood
- pituitary gland
- pancreas- insulin
- adrenal gland - adrenaline
- testes - testosterone
- ovaries - oestrogen
hormones target the specific cells with the receptors
nervous:
- electrical signal
- nerves and neurons
- muscles and galnds
- fast
-short
endocrine
- chemical hormone
- blood
- target cells in specific tissues
- slow
- long
the brain as a integrator
- coordinates and processes
- sends instructions
- gets info received from sensory receptors
- short and long term memory
cerebum: voluntary actions
cerebelllum: muscles and movement
medulla: involuntary action such as heart and breathing
pituitaty: controlls body functions adn other glands
hypothalamus: blood and homeostatis
spinal cord
- nervous pathway between body and brain
- intgrating of unconscious processes for speed needs
- controlls white and grey matter
- sense organs and brain bring message to grey matter
- motor neurons carry message from grey matter to muscle gland
- interneurons is for messages within grey matter ‘
input of messages
- starts by the end of a sesnory neurone or a receptor cell
- energy converted from environement into an electrical signal
- Touch – Merkel cells, Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles
Pressure – Pacinian corpuscles
Temperature – Cold receptors, Warm receptors
Pain – Free nerve endings
Light – Rods, Cones
Smell – Olfactory receptors
Taste – Gustatory receptors
Body position – Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs
Balance – Vestibular receptors
cranial nerve
12, in the brain
spinal nerve
31
output of messages
- motor cortex within cerebral hemisphere sends messages to sirated muscle
- mortor neurons carry the message
neromuscular junctions
when motor neurons terminate and pass messsage to muscle
nerves
- bundles of nerve fibres within a protective shealth
- varies in size and myleination
- most nerves have sesnory and motor neurons
process of reflex arc
1) revcieves stimulus
2) sesnory neuron pass on message till thye reseach grey matter (relay neurons)
3) dendrites in grey matter make descions on where the message is going
4)motor neuron takes message to effector
5)effector responds
cerebellum
makes fine tunes to movement, wheras the motor cortext initiates movements
carcadian rytmn
- daily 24h clock on sleep temperatures activity and hormones
SCN
scuprachiasmatic nuscli controlls the pineal gland, wich is secretion of melatonin
blood concentration increases and decreases levels of melatonin
sleep wake cycle
- light enters retina:
gangolin in retina detects wavelentghs of 460-480 and passes impluses to SCN, signalling times of dusk and dawn - penal gland secretes melatonin
- melatonin tagets hypothalamus
- increased darkness stimilates melatonin
epinephine(adrenalines)
- secreated by adrenal galnd
- sirated muscles convert glycogen to glucose for respiration
- the liver converts glycogen and releases glucose to blood
- bronchioles widen for air intake
- cells on brainstem stimulate intercostal to contract faster fore more gas exchnage
- peacemaker incrwasea HR
- vascodialation gives more blood to sirated muscle and less blood to organs and smooth muscle
adrenaline simple
- more blood
- more oxygen
- more atp
- more contraction
hormone
a chemical message produed by by an endocrine gland and carried by the blood
- alters activites and brings a change
how are the hypothalamus and pituitary galnd related to integrations of system
they act as links between the endocrine and nervous system
examples”
osemeoregulation
puberty
examples of aspects the hypothalamus controlls
- the hypothalamus moniters blood
- it relases hormones or tells the pituitary gand to release hormones
1) body temperature -
monitors blood temperature and triggers homeoststis
2) osmorergulation
looks at concentration of blood and releases AHD if levels are too low causeing kidneys to absorb more water
3) digestive
alters hormones that controll apetitie and digestive s ysthems
4)endocrine
controlls the pituitary g;and and release of hromones such as melatonin, metabolism and mood
pituitaty gland in integration of systems
- controlled by the hypothalamus
directly below the hypothalamus
produces a wide range of hormones
impaces processes directly and also impacts other glands
1) anterior pituitaty - produces and releases hormones
2) prosterior pituitaty - stroes and releases hormones produced by hypothalamuys
heart rate and the brain
the medulla has two parts the accelatory and the inhibitory wich sends messages to the sinortrial node SAN
- when CO2 IS high and ph and oxygen is low, heart rate increases
- when co2 i low and ph and oxygen is high heart rate decreases
baroreceptors
walls of aorta and carteroid arteries and monitor blood pressure
chemoreceptos
walls of aorta and carteroid arties and measures concentrations of substances
adrenal gland
secretes epinephine to increase HR
acetycholine to decrease rates
sinoatial node - peacemaker os SAN
set the heart rate in the walls of the right atriumm
cardiovascular centre
in the medulla
- processes and initiates changes and brings elvels back to normal - negative feedback
process of changing heart rates
each of these aspcts work together to chnage heart rate
- low frequency impulses from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors lowers heart rate opposite for increase
controll of ventilation
- respitatory centres in the medulla
- a normal ph is around 7.35-7.45 and below 6.8 is scary
- when CO2 increases ph levels fall
controll of ventilation
- chemoreceptors in arteries measure PH and concentration of O in blood going to brain
- respitatory centre; inputs the changes
- diphragm and external intecostals for inhaling
- abdomenen and internal intercostals for exhaling
- signals sent fromrepetory centres sigifying when to contract
- muscles send signals to tell respitatory centre that it has contracted
carbon dioxide in blood is catalysed and disasocciates into h+ weich lowers ph and initiates the diaphgram changes
perystalysis
the process of moving food from the mouth, to stomatch to the intestines and then to the anus
an involuntary process controlled by ENTRIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
what is responsible for perystalysis
two layers of circular muscle, one circular one longitudinal
how does perystalysis work
the muscles in front of the foods relax and loosen
the ontitunial muscles behind the food shorten the muscle
the circular msucles behind the food tigthen ring
this pushes food forward
two examples of volunatry process of perystalysis
- sirated muscle in the tounge is controlled by brian
- pushed to mouth cavity
- touch receptors in pharynx is stimulated
- muscle contractions push food to osophegous
- then involuntary
- the anus has a ring of smoothe muscle
- rectum wall has longitudinal and curucle smoothe muscle
- anus relaxes and widens and wall of rectum contracts
- in age it becomes voluntary
