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BIO > C3.1 > Flashcards

C3.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

When the final product takes on a new function that is bigger than the sum of its parts

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2
Q

Name 7 systems

A
  1. skeletal system
  2. repsiratory system
  3. muscular system
  4. circulatory system
  5. digestive system
  6. nervous system
  7. reproductive system
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3
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

a complex network of glands and organs

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5
Q

Draw a nerve cell

A
  • dendrite
  • soma
  • nucleus
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
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6
Q

discribe the resting potential

A

negative on the inside, through active transport Na3+ is pumped out, K2+ is pumped in. creating a concentration gradient of -70mV and allowing for polarization to occur when a nerve impulse is triggerd

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7
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

used to transmit information from the finger to the brain, long

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8
Q

what are relay neurons?

A

These connect sensory neurons to motor neurons and are involved in “decisions” about the consequences of the information received

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9
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

These carry information from the central nervous system to effector organs to bring about a response.

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10
Q

What is grey matter in the brain?

A

Mostly of cell bodies, dendrites, synapses and non-myelinated neurons.
More grey matter = more complex thinking

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11
Q

What is white matter in the brain?

A

Predominantly of axons that are myelinated. Start of motor neurons and ends of sensory neurons

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12
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of thousands of neurons are being transported in protected sheath

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13
Q

Name the three neurons used in the pain reflex arc

A

Motor
Sensory
Relay

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14
Q

How many synapses are involved in this reflex?

A

4

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15
Q

The sensory and motor neurons in this reflex arc are both myelinated. What is the advantage of this?

A

quick and efficient transport of messages

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16
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline?

A
  • Muscle and liver cells break down glycogen into glucose
  • Smooth muscles in arterioles carrying blood to muscles and the liver relax causing vasodilation
  • Ventilation rate increases
17
Q

What is a phototrophic response?

A

growth response to light / turning or moving

18
Q

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Gibberellin?

A

Controls stem elongation and seed germination.

19
Q

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Auxin

A

Promotes cell enlargement. Inhibits branching in stems

20
Q

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Cytokinin

A

Promotes cell division. Promotes branching in stems.

21
Q

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Ethylene

A

Promotes fruit ripening.

22
Q

what is Geotrophism

A

→ towards or away from gravity

23
Q

Why does the shady cell expand?

A

-Auxin changes the DNA structure
-Auxin causes the loosening of cellulose fibres
-Hydrogen ions are pumped into the cell wall
-More acidic environment which causes more water to be absorbed through osmosis
-The cell is able to absorb more water through osmosis
-Auxin comes from the tip and goes evenly down

24
Q

How does Auxin get to the shady side?

A

-Moves into a cell easily
Once in the cell, it changes lightly
-Needs special carriers to be transported out of the cell
-Carriers are somehow displaced on the shady side of the cell
-More auxin on the shady side
-Moves out on the shady side so more cell elongation on the shady side
-Accumulation of auxin causes expansion of cell

25
Q

What is the Apoplast

A

Where H+ ions accumulate in a cell

26
Q

contrast the production sites and methods of transport of hormones in animals with phytohormones in plants.

A

-They will produce different hormones for different purposes, eg auxin for lateral growth and adrenaline for the fast movement
-Humans would have receptors for certain hormones
-Plants will affect all cells equally

27
Q

Compare the production sites and methods of transport of hormones in animals with phytohormones in plants.

A
  • They are usually produced in the from the same area
  • In humans sometimes it can be the pancreas or the brain
  • In plants its often the shoot or the roots
28
Q

What is the difference between auxin and cytokinesis?

A

Auxin stimulates cell enlargement and cytokinin stimulates cell division

BIO (2 decks)

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