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Chemistry > C3: UNFINISHED > Flashcards

C3: UNFINISHED Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do geologist study rocks?

A

To see how Earths rocks surface has changed

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2
Q

What do geologist look at?

A
  • They look at how rocks form
  • How rocks change
  • And when changes happen
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3
Q

What was the super-continent known as?

A

Pangea

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4
Q

Originally were was Britain located?

A

Near the equator

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5
Q

As volcanic lava solidifies, what rock is formed?

A

Igneous rock

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6
Q

The Earth’s magnetic field…

A

changes over time.

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7
Q

How can magnetic patterns help geologist find out the Earth’s movement?

A

The rocks are aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field so geologist track the slow movement of continents.

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8
Q

What are the three most important raw materials?

A

Coal,Salt and Limestone

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9
Q

What started 200 years ago in the north-west of England?

A

Industrial Revolution

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10
Q

Where was there large deposits of coal?

A

Lancashire

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11
Q

Cheshire had large deposited of …

A

Salt

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12
Q

Where was there large deposits of Limestone?

A

Peak District

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13
Q

Name 3 uses of Salt

A
  1. In the food Industry
  2. As a source of chemicals
  3. To treat icy roads
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14
Q

How can salt be obtained?

A
  1. Evaporation pools
  2. mining underground salt deposits
  3. Solution mining
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15
Q

Why is salt put on icy roads?

A
  • Mixed with sand it gives the ground grip

- the salt lowers the freezing point allowing ice to melt

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16
Q

Salt extraction from sea water…

A

is only economical in hot climates

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17
Q

What method obtains purer salt?

A

Solution mining

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18
Q

What is a risk of mining rock salt and solution mining?

A

Subsidence

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19
Q

Why can some salt not be mined?

A

Half the rock salt is left for support: so subsidence don’t happen

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20
Q

What do you do if you need more salt?

A

You import it

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21
Q

What is a risk of solution mining?

A

Water may leach out and contaminate water supplies

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22
Q

What is a risk of Evaporation pools?

A

It takes up large areas and spreads salt into the local environment, damaging habitats.

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23
Q

Why is salt used in the food industry?

A

for flavouring and as a preservative.

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24
Q

How does salt act as a preservative?

A

Higher levels of salt prevents bacteria growth

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25
Q

High blood pressure, heart failure and stroke are results of WHAT?

A

Too much salt intake

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26
Q

Why is salt a hazard?

A

Because it poses a risk to health

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27
Q

Who is in charge for carrying out a risk assessment for chemicals in food and advising the public about how food affects health?

A

The government Department of Health (DH) and the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)

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28
Q

Alkalis make What change colour?

A

Indicators

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29
Q

Alkalis neutralise acids to make salts, what is this process called?

A

Neutralisation

30
Q

Acid + Alkali =

A

salt + water

31
Q

What are alkalis used for :

A
  1. Neutralising acid soil
  2. Making soap
  3. Making glass
32
Q

How was soap made in the past?

A

Using a mixture of potash (burnt wood) and animal fat , which is boiled

33
Q

What was the first alkali manufactured and how?

A

Calcium oxide (lime) and by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) in a lime line using coal as fuel

34
Q

Name 4 main acids

A
  1. Hydrochloric acid
  2. Nitric acid
  3. Sulfuric acid
  4. Phosphoric acid
35
Q

In 1787 , what Frenchman discovered how to manufacture an alkali?

A

Nicholas Leblanc

36
Q

What was the Leblanc process?

A

Reacting salt and limestone in heat to form sodium carbonate

37
Q

What was the problem with the Leblanc process?

A

It released lots of Hydrogen chloride (an acidic, harmful gas) and solid waste called galligu (which in turn released hydrogen sulfide a toxic gas)

38
Q

What did the better process do to the waste hydrogen chloride?

A

It made it useful by

  • using chlorine to bleach textiles prior to dying
  • and hydrochloric acid, was used as a starting material for other chemicals
39
Q

A solution with a pH greater than 7 is known as a what?

A

Alkali

40
Q

What colours does alkalis turn indicators

A

Blue or violet

41
Q

Give 2 examples of a metal hydroxide

A

NaOH and Ca(OH)2

42
Q

Alkalis are soluble…

A

Metal hydroxides and Metal carbonates

43
Q

When metal hydroxides and metal carbonates are insoluble what are they called?

A

Bases

44
Q

Hydroxide + acid =

A

salt + water

45
Q

carbonate + acid =

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide gas

46
Q

Why did people die from drinking water in the 19th century?

A

Because they got water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid

47
Q

What is now added to drinking water?

A

Chlorine

48
Q

What is the process of added chlorine to drinking water?

A

Chlorination

49
Q

Who has no choice about chlorination?

A

Those who use the main water supply.

50
Q

Chlorine can react with organic materials in water supplies forming WHAT?

A

Disinfectant by-products (DBPs)

51
Q

Why does the government carry on chlorination anyway?

A

Because the benefits outweigh the risks.

52
Q

What is Electrolysis?

A

Breaking up a compound using an electric current

53
Q

Name the products when you electrolyse brine

A
  • Chlorine gas
  • Hydrogen gas
  • Sodium hydroxide solution
54
Q

The anode is the …

A

Positive electrode

55
Q

The cathode is the…

A

Negative electrode

56
Q

Why is electrolysis expensive?

A

Because it requires large amounts of electricity

57
Q

Name one method to electrolyse brine continuously

A

The membrane cell

58
Q

Where does chlorine form during electrolysis?

A

At the at the anode

59
Q

What forms at the cathode?

A

Hydrogen

60
Q

What can chlorine be used for?

A

In plastics like PVC

61
Q

What can hydrogen be used for?

A

In margarine and as rocket fuel

62
Q

What can sodium hydroxide be used for?

A

In paper recycling and refining aluminium

63
Q

What are the risks of chlorine?

A
  • Chlorine in products is linked to ozone depletion

- Plastics made using chlorine are non-biodegradable

64
Q

What is a used to find out how dangerous substances are?

A

A risk assessment

65
Q

What four things do you need to know to assess the level of risk of a chemical?

A
  • how much is needed to cause harm
  • how much will be used
  • the chance of it escaping into the environment
  • who or what it may effect
66
Q

What does PVC contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Chlorine

67
Q

What are added to PVC to make them softer?

A

Plasticisers

68
Q

What are plasticised PVC used for?

A

Seat covers, clothing and cover electrical wires

69
Q

What did USA and Europe ban?

A

Plasticised PVC in toys

70
Q

What happens when you burn PVC?

A

Toxic gases including dioxins. If eaten, they can build up and cause cancer

Chemistry (8 decks)

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