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Chemistry > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main gases found in the air?

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen , Carbon dioxide and Argon.

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2
Q

What is air?

A

A mixture of gaseous elements and compounds with large spaces between molecules

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3
Q

What are the proportions of the main gases?

A

nitrogen 78%,oxygen 21%, argon 1%, carbon dioxide 0.04%

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4
Q

Name two other ways in which gases or particulates might be released into the atmosphere ?

A
  1. Natural process ie volcanic activity

2. Human activity

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5
Q

How was Earth’s early atmosphere formed?

A

Volcanic activity

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6
Q

What did the Earth’s early atmospheres consist of?

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

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7
Q

How did the Earth’s oceans form?

A

When the Earthy cooled, water vapour condensed to form oceans

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8
Q

How did the evolution of photosynthesising organisms change the atmosphere?

A

They added oxygen and removed carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Name two ways in which carbon dioxide was removed from the atmosphere APART from photosynthesis?

A

Dissolved in oceans, and formed sedimentary rock and the formation of fossil fuels

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10
Q

Which five pollutants have humans added to the atmosphere?

A
  1. Carbon monoxide
  2. Nitrogen oxides
  3. Sulphur dioxide
  4. Carbon dioxide
  5. Carbon particulates
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11
Q

How is carbon monoxide directly harmful to human health?

A

It reduces the amount of oxygen blood can carry

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12
Q

How might sulphur dioxide harm the environment and indirectly cause harm to humans?

A

It reacts with water to form acid rain, damaging plants and crops

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13
Q

What is coal mainly made from?

A

Carbon

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14
Q

What are petrol, diesel fuel, and fuel oil mainly made from?

A

Hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon)

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15
Q

If a fuel is burnt in plenty of oxygen , which two products are made.

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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16
Q

What happens when you burn butane in oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water is formed

17
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

One in which oxygen is gained

18
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

One in which oxygen in lost

19
Q

Why do fuel burn more rapidly in pure oxygen compared to air?

A

There are more oxygen molecules available to react with

20
Q

Oxy-fuel welding torches need high levels of oxygen to work; from where can this oxygen be obtained?

A

The atmosphere

21
Q

What is meant by the term conservation of mass?

A

The numbers of atoms at the start of a reaction is the same as the number of atoms in the products

22
Q

If a fuel that contains sulphur is burnt, what gas is released ?

A

Sulphur dioxide

23
Q

How are carbon dioxide and sulphur released into the atmosphere by human activity ?

A

Burning fossil fuels in power stations

24
Q

How might carbon monoxide and and particulate carbon be released into the atmosphere by human activity?

A

Incomplete combustion in burning fossil fuels in power stations

25
Q

How might nitrogen oxides be released into the atmosphere by human activity?

A

From the reactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures inside engines

26
Q

What can nitrogen monoxide be oxidised into?

A

Nitrogen dioxide

27
Q

How can carbon particulates affect?

A

They settle and make them dirty

28
Q

How do sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide get removed from the atmosphere in a way that harms the environment?

A

They react with water and oxygen to produce acid rain

29
Q

How do plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

A

They photosynthesise

30
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by rain and sea water?

A

It dissolves in them

31
Q

Explain three ways in which atmospheric pollution caused by fossil fuels can be reduced?

A
  1. Using less electricity
  2. Removing sulphur from fuels
  3. Removing sulphur dioxide and particulates from flue gases
32
Q

Explain two ways in which acidic gas sulphur dioxide can be removed from flue gases?

A
  1. Wet scrubbing using alkaline slurry

2. Dissolving in sea waters

33
Q

What is the only way of producing less carbon dioxide?

A

Burn less fossil fuels

34
Q

How does a catalytic converter help to reduce pollution?

A

It reduces nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen by loss of oxygen and oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide by gain of oxygen

35
Q

How are legal limits of exhaust emission checked in cars?

A

MOT tests

36
Q

how can amounts of sulphur dioxide being produced by burning fuels be reduced?

A

Use low-sulphur fuels

37
Q

What are the benefits and problems of using electric cars?

A

Benefits: Do not produce waste gases when used
Problems: 1.Short range before needing to be recharged
2.recharging takes a long time
3. Often comes from power stations that burn fossil fuels

38
Q

What are the benefits and problems of using bio fuel to run cars?

A

Benefits: Renewable, plants are carbon neutral
Problems: Still releases carbon dioxide when burnt, more land needed to grow sufficient amount of plants to use for fuel

Chemistry (8 decks)

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