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GCSE Chemistry AQA > C3- Structure & Bonding > Flashcards

C3- Structure & Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main types of chemical bond?

A

There are three types of strong chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic.

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2
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Ionic bonding - the particles are oppositely charged ions.

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3
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Covalent bonding - the particles are atoms which share pairs of electrons.

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4
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

Metallic bonding - the particles are atoms which share

Delocalised electrons.

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5
Q

What type of elements do ionic bonds occur between?

A

Ionic bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals.

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6
Q

What type of elements do covalent bonds occur between?

A

Covalent bonding occurs in most non-metallic elements and in compounds of non-metals.

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7
Q

What type of compounds do metallic bonds occur in?

A

Metallic bonding occurs in metallic elements and alloys.

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8
Q

Describe what an ionic bond is in three steps.

A
  1. When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom, electrons in the outer shell of the metal atom are transferred.
  2. Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions.
  3. Non-metal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions.
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9
Q

How do you know the charge of the atoms in groups 1 and 2 and groups 6 and 7?

A

The charge on the ions produced by metals in Groups 1 and 2 and by non-metals in Groups 6 and 7 relates to the group number of the element in the periodic table.

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10
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions.

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11
Q

How are ionic compounds held together?

A

Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. These forces act in all directions in the lattice and this is called ionic bonding.

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12
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent bonds. These bonds between atoms are strong.

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13
Q

What type of molecules may be formed through covalent bonding?

A
  1. Covalently bonded substances may consist of small molecules.
  2. Some covalently bonded substances have very large molecules, such as polymers.
  3. Some covalently bonded substances have giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide.
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14
Q

What is a metal?

A

Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern.

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15
Q

How are metallic bonds formed?

A
  1. The electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are delocalised and so are free to move through the whole structure.
  2. The sharing of delocalised electrons gives rise to strong metallic bonds.
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16
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

17
Q

What happens at a materials melting point?

A

Melting and freezing take place at the melting point.

18
Q

What happens at a materials boiling point?

A

Boiling and condensing take place at the boiling point.

19
Q

What is the particle theory?

A

Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing, particles are represented by small solid spheres.

20
Q

What causes a change of state?

A

The amount of energy needed to change state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas depends on the strength of the forces between the particles of the substance.

21
Q

What determines the nature of the particles involved in the change of state?

A

The nature of the particles involved depends on the type of bonding and the structure of the substance.

22
Q

How do forces affect the melting and boiling point of a substance?

A

The stronger the forces between the particles the higher the melting point and boiling point of the substance.

23
Q

What are the limitations of the simple particle model?

A

There are no forces, that all particles are represented as spheres and that the spheres are solid.

24
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

Ionic compounds have regular structures (giant ionic lattices) in which there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions.

25
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A

These compounds have high melting points and high boiling points because of the large amounts of energy needed to break the many strong bonds.

26
Q

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when in solution?

A

When melted or dissolved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity because the ions are free to move and so charge can flow.

27
Q

What are the properties of small covalently bonded molecules?

A

Substances that consist of small molecules are usually gases or liquids that have relatively low melting points and boiling points.

28
Q

Why do they have these properties? Relate to forces.

A

These substances have only weak forces between the molecules (intermolecular forces). It is these intermolecular forces that are overcome, not the covalent bonds, when the substance melts or boils.

29
Q

Why do larger molecules have higher melting and boiling points?

A

The intermolecular forces increase with the size of the molecules, so larger molecules have higher melting and boiling points.

30
Q

Why do covalently bonded molecules not conduct electricity?

A

These substances do not conduct electricity because the molecules do not have an overall electric charge.

31
Q

How do intermolecular forces compare to the strength of covalently bonded molecules?

A

Intermolecular forces are weak compared with covalent bonds.

32
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers have very large molecules.

33
Q

What type of bonding is present in polymers?

A

The atoms in the polymer molecules are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds.

34
Q

Why are polymers solid at room temperature?

A

The intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are relatively strong and so these substances are solids at room temperature.

35
Q

What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

A
  1. Substances that consist of giant covalent structures are solids with very high melting points.
  2. All of the atoms in these structures are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds.
36
Q

Why do giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points?

A

These strong covalent bonds must be overcome to melt or boil these substances.

GCSE Chemistry AQA (15 decks)

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