C3: Structure and Bonding Flashcards
What is ionic bonding
Ionic bonding is when one metal and one non metal react and bond together, and they lose or gain electrons which are given/lost from each other depending on their charge
What will happen in the bonding between sodium flouride
Sodium has a structure of 2,8,1 and has a positive charge. This means since its in Group 1, it will lose its outermost electron, becoming a positive ion. It then has a structure of 2,8.
Flourine has a structure of 2,7 and has a negative charge. This means, since its in Group 7, it will gain the electron that the sodium lost, becoming a negative ion. It then has a structure of 2,8.
What do we know about ionic bonding
The type of bonding affects the physical properties such as melting and boiling points, solubility and electrical conductivity. There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. Compounds with ions are ionic compounds. In an ionic compound, millions of ions are packed in a regular lattice arrangement via the electrostatic forces of attraction. Larger ionic charges produce stronger ionic bonds, so much more heat is required to break bonds in magnesium oxide than sodium chloride. As a solid, ionic compounds can’t conduct electricity due to the particle arrangement. But molten ions can break free of the lattice. They can carry charge and can move
What is covalent bonding
Covalent bonding is when 2 or more non metals bond together, and they share electrons as a pair. Shared electron pairs are “covalent bonds”
What happens in the covalent bonding with water
The structure is two hydrogens and one oxygen. Each hydrogen will share its electron with oxygen, and oxygen will give two of its electrons to the hydrogens, one per hydrogen atom. The remaining four electrons are kept to itself
What are the causes in covalent bonding
It causes the atom in a molecule to be held strongly but have weak forces between individual molecules. Thats why covalently bonded molecules have low melting and boiling points.
What is a giant covalent
When most non metals form covalent bonds and molecules, forming large networks of covalent bonds
What are three examples of giant covalent structures
Diamond, silicon dioxide and graphite
What is the structure of diamond
Diamond is made up of carbon atoms and is created when carbon is put under high pressure and temperature It has a high boling point and a hard formed structure. It doesn’t conduct electricity either. Each atom is joined to four other atoms
What is the structure of graphite
Graphite is arranged in layers that slide over each other, which can be used as a lubricant. It is slippery and can conduct electricity. Each atom is joined to three other atoms
What is the structure of silicon dioxide
It uses three carbons with high melting and boiling points. Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds. The extra electron not used for a bond is a delocalised electron, free to move around.
What is metallic bonding
Metallic bonding is when two metals bond together. It is the strong force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons, causing metals to have high melting and boiling points
What is malleablity
Capability of a material to be bent and pressed out of shape without breaking or returning back to the original structure
What is an alloy
A mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one element is a metal. Alloys have atoms of different sizes, distorting the original arrangement, making it difficult to be used as a lubricant
What are delocalised electrons
Electrons that form a sea of delocalised negative charge. They are also free to move and conduct electricity
What is crystalline
Close particles together in a regular arrangement
What is a shape memory alloy
Metals returning to the original shape after being bent or twisted by applying heat
What is a polymer
Large chain like molecules that can extend for thousands of atoms. Sections are also repeated to create the large chain
What is a simple covalent bond
Simple covalent bonds exist as gases or liquids at room temperature and have strong covalent bonds within molecules but weak intermolecular forces between molecules
What are properties of simple covalent bonds
Low melting points
Low boiling points
Weak intermolecular forces
Cannot conduct electricity
No delocalised electrons
What are properties of giant covalent structures
High melting points
High boiling points
No intermolecular forces
No delocalised electrons
Lots of energy and heat is required to break the bonds. Giant covalents consist of one large molecule
What is a fullerene
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms that take up hollow structures. Their structure is usually arranged in a hexagonal shape
What was the name of the first fullerene discovered
Buckminsterfullerene
C60
It is a simple molecule with a fixed shape
What can we use spherical fullerenes for
Catalysts
Lubricants
Vehicles for transporting drugs in our body as they trap molecules inside
What is a single layer of graphite
Graphene
What do we mostly use to measure particles
Nanometres
What are uses of nanoparticles
Catalysts
Electronics
Medicine
Cosmetics
Deodorants
