C2: The Periodic Table

Question 1

What are the rows in the Periodic Table

Answer 1

Those are periods.

Question 2

What are the columns

Answer 2

Groups.

Question 3

What does the group number mean

Answer 3

It equals the amount of electrons in the outer shell

Question 4

Who was the first chemist to discover the Periodic Table

Answer 4

John Newlands

Question 5

How did John order it

Answer 5

He ordered it by atomic mass, but it was incorrect as elements were placed in innappropriate groups

Question 6

Who improved Newland’s table and how

Answer 6

Dmriti Mendeleev. He added gaps for undiscovered elements along with saying there might be undiscovered elements.

Question 7

Why was Mendeleev proven correct?

Answer 7

He predicted the properties and masses of the undiscovered elements. He ordered elements via relative mass due to discovery of protons and isotopes

Question 8

What are some properties of metals

Answer 8

1. High melting points
2. High boiling points
3. Good conductors of heat and electricity

Question 9

What are some properties of non metals

Answer 9

1. Low melting points
2. Low boiling points
3. Good insulators of heat and electricity

Question 10

What are the Alkali Metals

Answer 10

They are found in Group 1 on the left side of the table and are metals. They are very reactive. Their outer shell has 1 electron in it, which is usually given away as chemical reactions. As we go down the group, the reactivity increases. They must not react with water. They have high melting and boiling points and high densities.

Question 11

What is the electronic structure for lithium

Answer 11

It has a 2,1 structure.
Its the least reactive
It floats on the surface of water and releases hydrogen gas bubbles.
It burns with a crimson flame, when contacted with oxygen

Question 12

What is the electronic structure for sodium

Answer 12

Has an extra shell added, 2,8,1. Its more reactive than lithium and a much more greater distance from the positive charge of the nucleus. Its outer electron is strongly attracted to the positively charged nucleus. It floats on the surface of water releasing enough heat to melt sodium. It moves quicker on water surface, and emits a yellowish orange flame when contacting with oxygen

Question 13

What is the electronic structure for potassium

Answer 13

It has an extra shell added, 2,8,8,1. Its more reactive than sodium and lithium and its outer electron is least strongly attracted to the nucleus. It floats on water, but is more vigorous. It also burns with a lilac flame when combined with oxygen.

Question 14

What happens when metals react with water

Answer 14

It creates hydroxide.

Question 15

What are the Noble Gases

Answer 15

Noble Gases are found in Group 0, and have similar properties eg: colourless. They are the most unreactive and are found on the right side of the Periodic Table. They already have a full outer shell, except helium. Every other element but helium does not need to gain or lose electrons. They also exist as single atoms, meaning they are monotomic. They have low melting and boiling points, low densities, inert, exist as single atoms and are colourless.

Question 16

What are the Halogens

Answer 16

Halogens are in Group 7 and have 7 electrons in their outershell. They are very reactive and are also diatomic, meaning they share electrons to make diatomic molecules. As we go down the group, the reactivity decreases. They are all colourless.

Question 16

What is formed when a metal atom shares electrons with a non metal atom

Answer 16

Salts

Question 17

What are the Transition Metals

Answer 17

They are found in the middle of the table, and are much stronger and harder than alkali metals. They also have high melting points and are useful for cooking. They have high densities and more mass for volume than alkalis. They are also less reactive than alkalis and can form ions with different positive charges. They also form different colour compounds

Question 18

Which word describes existing as single atoms

Answer 18

Monotomic

Question 19

What is a displacement reaction

Answer 19

When a less reactive halogen is displaced by a more reactive halogen from a compound

Question 20

Which word describes consisting of two atoms combined

Answer 20

Diatomic

Question 21

What are some separation techniques

Answer 21

Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
Paper chromatography
Crystallisation
Filtration

Question 22

What is simple distillation

Answer 22

Separating a solvent (liquid) from a solution

Question 23

How does simple distillation work

Answer 23

Because the dissolved solute has a much higher boiling point than the solvent. When we heat a solution, solvent vapour leaves the solution. It moves away and is then cooled and condensed. The remaining solution becomes more condensed and the amount of solvent is then decreased

Question 24

What is filtration

Answer 24

Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid.

Question 25

How does filtration work

Answer 25

The filter paper has tiny holes or pores in it, hence why it works. These are large enough to let small molecules and dissolved ions through but not much larger particles of undissolved solid

Question 26

What is paper chromatography

Answer 26

Separates mixtures of soluble substances.

Question 27

What are the steps of paper chromatography

Answer 27

1. The solution is heated
2. As the paper is lowered into the solvent, some of the dye spreads up the paper
3. The paper has absorbed the solvent and the dye has spread further up the paper.

Question 28

What is crystallisation

Answer 28

Solid crystals are formed from a solution

Question 29

What is the method for crystallisation

Answer 29

1. A solution is placed into an evaporating basin and heated via Bunsen Burner
2. The volume of the solution has decreased because some of the water has evaporated. Solid particles start forming in the basin
3. All the water is evaporated, leaving solid crystals behind

Question 30

What is fractional distillation

Answer 30

Separates different liquids from a number of liquids

Question 31

What is the steps for fractional distillation

Answer 31

Heat the ethanol and water solution
The ethanol is evaporated first, cools then condenses
The water left evaporates, cools then condenses