C3(Structure And Bonding) Flashcards
What are the 3 states of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is arrangement of particles in a solid
-Particles have a fixed shape and volume and are in a fixed position
-Particles vibrate
What is the arrangement of particles in a liquid
-Liquids have a fixed volume but can flow and change their shape
-particles slip and slide over each other
What is the arrangement of particles in a gas
-Gases have no fixed shape or volume
-They can be compressed
-Particles move very quickly in all directions as the particles bash against the walls of the container, they exert a force that causes pressure
The energy from melting and boiling is ….
Transferred from the surroundings to the substance
The energy from freezing and condensing is ….
Transferred from the substance to the surroundings
The elements in group 1 react with the elements in group 7 as they react …
-Atoms of group 1 elements can each lose one electron to gain the stable electronic structure of a noble gas
-This electron can be given to an atom from group 7 which also achieves the stable electronic structure of a noble gas
representing ionic bonding
What are the properties of ionic compounds
-High melting and boiling points as it takes a lot of energy to break the ionic bonds
-strong electrostatic forces of attraction
-They are solid at room temperature
What are the properties of an ionic solid
-Ions are fixed in position in a giant lattice
-They vibrate but cannot move around
-It does not conduct electricity
What are the properties of a molten ionic compound
-High temperature provides enough energy to overcome the many strong attractive forces between ions
-Ions are free to move around within the molten compound therefore these ions can carry charge through the liquid therefore conducting electricity
What are the properties of an ionic compound in solution
-Water molecules separate ions from the lattice therefore ions are free to move around within the solution therefore conducting electricity
Representing simple covalent bonding
What are the properties of simple covalent molecules
-low melting and boiling points as they have weak intermolecular forces
-Doesn’t conduct electricity
Polymers are …
Many small reactive molecules that bond to each other to form long chains
Representing polymers
What are intermolecular forces
The force of attraction between the individual molecules in a covalent substance
What are the properties of giant covalent structures
-High melting and boiling points
-Insoluble in water
-Apart from graphite, they are hard and do not conduct electricity
What are the properties of graphite
-Carbon atoms only bond to three other carbon atoms, they form hexagons which are arranged in giant layers
-There are no covalent bonds between the layers therefore the layers can slide over each other easily
-Conduct electricity and thermal energy because of the delocalised electrons that can move along its layers
What are the properties of diamond and silicon dioxide
-Carbon atoms bond to 4 other carbon atoms therefore making a rigid giant covalent structure which makes it a very hard substance
-Diamond and silica has no delocalised electrons therefore they don’t conduct electricity or thermal energy
Fullerenes are ….
Hollow shaped molecules of carbon
What are carbon nanotubes
Cylindrical fullerenes
What are the properties of carbon nanotubes
-High tensile strength
-High electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity
Fullerenes are used for …
-Drug delivery into the body
-Lubricants
-Catalysts because of the large surface area to volume ratio of their nano particles
Graphene is ….
A single layer of graphite and so it is just one atom thick
What are the properties of Graphene
-Excellent conductor of thermal energy and electricity
-Has a very low density
-is the most reactive form of carbon
Graphene can be used to …
-Make quicker and more powerful computer chips
The atoms in metals are …
Closely packed together and arranged in regular layers
In metallic bonding Strong electrostatic attraction…
Between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged ions bond the metal ions to each other
Representing metallic bonding
An Alloy is
A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
What are properties of giant metallic structures
-High melting points as the electrostatic forces of attraction extend in all directions therefore it takes a lot of energy to separate the metal ions from their fixed positions and break down the lattice, melting the metal
-Malleable
-Good conductors of thermal energy and electricity because their delocalised electrons can readily flow through the giant metallic lattice
Alloys are …
Harder than pure metals because the regular layers in a pure metal are distorted by atoms of different sizes in an alloy
In metallic bonding Metals can be …
Bent and shaped because the layers of atoms (or positively charged ions) in a giant metallic structure can slide over each other
1 nanometer is ….
What are the properties of Nanoparticles
-High surface area to volume ratio with a high percentage of their atoms exposed at their surface
The use of Nanoparticles
-Instead of bulk materials should mean that smaller quantities are needed
-Their high surface area and to volume ratio makes them much more reactive than materials with normal particle sizes, this results in a more sustainable approach in industry as less resources are used up
-Glass can be coated with titanium oxide Nanoparticles to break down dirt that lands on the window
-Used in sunscreens and face creams
Possible risks of Nanoparticles are …
-Their large surface area makes them dangerous as if a spark is made by accident there could be a violent explosion
-Breathing in tiny particles could damage the lungs
-Nanoparticles could enter the blood stream and have unpredictable effects on our cells
