C3. Electrons and orbitals Flashcards

1
Q

what is the secondary quantum number?

A

Each shell has an n number of subshells, l, which is defined as the secondary / azithmual quantum number

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2
Q

what is the secondary quantum number, I, of the s atomic orbital?

A

0

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3
Q

what is the secondary quantum number, I, of the p atomic orbital?

A

1

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4
Q

what is the secondary quantum number, I, of the d atomic orbital?

A

2

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5
Q

what is the magnetic quantum number?

A

Each subshell can have a particular orientation in space defined by the magnetic quantum number, ml .

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6
Q

what is the magnetic quantum number for s orbitals?

A

For s orbitals: l = 0 Therefore ml = 0

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7
Q

what is the magnetic quantum number for p orbitals?

A

For p orbitals: l = 1 Therefore ml = -1, 0, +1

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8
Q

what is the magnetic quantum number for d orbitals?

A

For d orbitals: l = 2 Therefore ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

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9
Q

what is the spin quantum number, s?

A

The spin quantum number, s relates to the angular momentum of an electron. Electrons are either spin up (s = +1/2) or spin down (s = -1/2)

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10
Q

what is Aufbau principle?

A

Orbitals / subshells filled in order of lowest possible energy

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11
Q

what is Pauli exclusion principle?

A

Every electron must have a unique spin in each orbital

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12
Q

what is Hund’s rule?

A

In a half-filled subshell, it is energetically more favourable to have electrons of parallel spins

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13
Q

What does the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) model state?

A

The VSEPR model states that electrons in orbitals will arrange themselves so they are as far apart as possible in space.

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14
Q

where does the VSEPR model break down?

A

-s orbitals are spherically symmetric.
-And the 3 p orbitals are at 90° to each other along the coordinate axis x,y,z.
-Bonding should only be able to happen along these axis… BUT carbon forms bonds at 109°, 120° and 180°…

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15
Q

Explain the orbital hybridisation theory

A

-This theory aims to correct two issues with atomic orbital theory: number of bonds and molecular geometry
-Considering the carbon atom: by “mixing” the 1 x 2s orbital with the 3 x 2p orbitals we can form sp3 hybridised orbitals.

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16
Q
A