C3

Question 1

what rocks are formed when volcanic lava solidifies?

Answer 1

igneous

Question 2

what are 3 important raw materials?

Answer 2

.coal
.salt
.limestone

Question 3

what are the stages of forming limestone?

Answer 3

.shellfish died forming sediments on the sea bed
.sediments compacted and hardened
.tectonic plates push it upwards to surface
.rock are eroded away until late limestone shows through

Question 4

what climate was coal formed in?

Answer 4

wet swampy conditions when plants trees and furniture died and became buried

Question 5

why is rock salt spread on icy roads?

Answer 5

.the rock is insoluble but the sand in the rock gives grip
.it shows up so people know the roads have been gritted
.the salt in solution lowers the freezing point preventing ice from forming easily

Question 6

how can pure salt be obtained?

Answer 6

by solution mining with is mainly automatic

Question 7

what can mining rock and solution be bad and what is done to prevent it?

Answer 7

.subsidence

.they leave about half the salt rock there

Question 8

how can salt be contaminated?

Answer 8

while mining it can allow water in mines which may let salt Leach out into water supplies contaminating them

Question 9

what does a higher salt level prevent?

Answer 9

bacteria growth

Question 10

what organisation is responsible for carrying out risk assessments for chemicals in food and advertising the public about how how food affects health?

Answer 10

.the government department of health

.the government department of the environment food and Rural affairs

Question 11

when acids and alkalis neutralise what do they make?

Answer 11

salt

Question 12

what is lime used for?

Answer 12

.neutralising acidic soils

.making glass when heated with sand removing empuritys when iron is made

Question 13

what is the word equation for neutralisation?

Answer 13

acid+alkali-> salt + water

Question 14

what is alum? and how is it purified

Answer 14

.a mordant that sticks to dye a fabric

.reacting it with ammonia contained in stale urine

Question 15

who discovered how to manufacture alkalis?

Answer 15

Nicholas lablanc in 1978

Question 16

how did the lablanc process make sodium carbonate?

Answer 16

by reacting salt and limestone, heated with coal

Question 17

what did the lablanc presses give off?

Answer 17

large amounts of hydrogen chloride, along with solid waste including galligu that slowly released hydrogen sulfide and a foul smelling toxic gas

Question 18

what was the harmful hydrogen chloride changed into?

Answer 18

.chlorine used to breach textiles prior to duying

.hydrocloric acid which is a starting material for making other chemicals

Question 19

how can chlorine be made?

Answer 19

by reacting hydrocloric acid and manganese dioxide

Question 20

what does oxidation do to hydrogen chloride?

Answer 20

turns it into chlorine

Question 21

what are alkalis? name some examples?

Answer 21

.soluable metal hydroxide and solvable metal carbonates
.soluable hydroxides- sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxides, potassium hydroxide
.soluable carbonates- sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate

Question 22

what are bases? and what do they react with?

Answer 22

are metal hydroxide and metal carbonates that are insoluable. they react with acids in a similar way to alkalis but do not affect indicators

Question 23

what did chlorination prevent?

Answer 23

water born microorganisms such as cholera and typhoid

Question 24

what happens when chlorine reacts with organic materials in water supplies?

Answer 24

it forms toxic or carcinogenic compounds called disinfectant by-product (DBS)

Question 25

what does electrolysis do?

Answer 25

breaks up compounds using an electric current

Question 26

what does the electrolysis of brine make?

Answer 26

chlorine gas
hydrogen gas
sodium hydroxide solution

Question 27

what is the negative and positive electrode called during electrolysis?

Answer 27

.anode+

.cathode-

Question 28

what is one way to electrolysis brine continuously?

Answer 28

membrane cell method

Question 29

during brine electrolysis what forms at the anode and cathode?

Answer 29

annode- chlorine

cathode- hydrogen

Question 30

what are some industrial uses of chlorine and hydrogen and sodium hydroxide?

Answer 30

.chlorine makes plastics
.hydrogen for making margarine
.sodium hydroxide- for paper recycling

Question 31

what do the products of brine do to the environment?

Answer 31

.chlorine products from fridges and are obsolescence are linked to ozone depletion so have been banned
.chlorine during paper bleaching releases dangerous dioxins, increasing risk of cancer
.plastics made using chlorine are non biodegradable

Question 32

what do chemicals contain?

Answer 32

elements. they cannot be destroyed so they remin in the environment forever

Question 33

what happens if pvc is burnt?

Answer 33

it gives off toxic gasses including dioxins

if eaten these chemicals could build up in fat and cause cancer

Question 34

what do we need to consider at each stage of an LAC?

Answer 34

.how much natural resource are required
.how much energy is produced
.how much water and air is used
.how the environment is affected

Question 35

what aspects are hard to measure when taking a life cycle assessment?

Answer 35

disposal method can vary Same with everything else