C1

Question 1

why are clouds not a part of the air?

Answer 1

because clouds are made up of water ice or dust is a solid

Question 2

what are the percentages in dry air?

Answer 2

78%nitrogen
21%oxygen
1%argon

Question 3

when oxygen gas reacts with most metals what do they make?

Answer 3

metal oxides (solid)

Question 4

how do we find the percentage of oxygen in the air?

Answer 4

by passing the air over heated copper

Question 5

when was the earth’s atmosphere formed? and what made it like this?

Answer 5

.around 4 billion years ago

.by gases given out by volcanos

Question 6

how have the ideas about the atmosphere changes over time?

Answer 6

.sixty years ago we thought it was mainly ammonia

.recent rock discoveries showed they weren’t correct and the early atmosphere was carbon dioxide

Question 7

name 3 pollutants that are harmful to health?

Answer 7

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide

Question 8

how does sulfer dioxide and nitrogen dioxide affect the environment?

Answer 8

it causes acid rain

Question 9

what are small amounts of carbon dioxide measured in?

Answer 9

.parts per million (ppm)

.there is 1 million grams of air in 1 gram of the pollutant substance

Question 10

what are substances such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides measured in?

Answer 10

parts per billion (ppb)

Question 11

what is the equation for when hydrocarbon fules burn?

Answer 11

hydrocarbon fule + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + waterb(+ energy)

Question 12

what is oxidation?

Answer 12

when oxygen is added to a substance

Question 13

what is reduction?

Answer 13

when oxygen is removed from a substance

Question 14

what is combustion?

Answer 14

is an oxidation reaction

Question 15

atoms of non-metal elements join to form…?

Answer 15

molecules

Question 16

when elements are rearranged what do they make?

Answer 16

new compounds in chemical reactions

Question 17

sulfer is … but sulfer dioxide … in water make an acid solution.

Answer 17

.insoluble

.dissolves

Question 18

what does coal contain?

Answer 18

sulfer

Question 19

what does sulfer dioxide cause?

Answer 19

acid rain

Question 20

when a pollutant doesn’t affect humans directly what is it called?

Answer 20

indirect pollutant (eg. acid rain)

Question 21

what happens when there is not enough air to burn the fule?

Answer 21

.poisonous carbon monoxide is made

.bits of solid carbon (soot) called particulates are made, making surfaces they land on durty

Question 22

what do car engines make?

Answer 22

nitrogen oxides

Question 23

when is carbon monoxide and particulate carbon formed?

Answer 23

during incomplete combustion

Question 24

where is nitrogen monoxide formed?

Answer 24

in furnaces and engines at a temperature of about 1000 °c

Question 25

when nitrogen monoxide is realised into the atmosphere what happens?

Answer 25

.it cools

.reacts with more oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (brown gas)

Question 26

what does NOx represent?

Answer 26

both NO2 and NO (both pollutants)

Question 27

how can power stations remove solid particulates?

Answer 27

fule gas desulfurisation

Question 28

what are two wet scrubbing methods?

Answer 28

.using an alkaline slurry of calcium oxide (lime) and water to make gypsum (calcium sulfate) which can be sold as plaster
.using sea water a natural alkaline which absorbed sulfer dioxide

Question 29

what does carbon neutral mean?

Answer 29

when they are burned they release the same amount of carbon dioxide that the plant originally took from the air to grow

Question 30

what do catalytic converters contain? and what does this allow? (equation)

Answer 30

.contains platinum catalyst which allows pollutant gases to react with each other
.carbon monoxide gains oxygen so it is oxidised
.nitrogen monoxide loses oxygen so it Is reduced
carbon monoxide + nitrogen monoxide -> nitrogen + carbon dioxide

Question 31

what are low sulfer fules needed?

Answer 31

because sulfer damages the catalyst