C3 Flashcards
What cost factors are there of making a drug?
Materials needed Research development and testing Labour Energy Marketing
What two types of materials can be used in drug making?
Synthetic or natural
What are exoteric reactions?
Making bonds.
What are endothermic reactions?
Breaking bonds
What are the energy changes in bond making?
Release of energy
What are the energy changes in bond breaking?
Uses energy to break bonds.
What is the equation for finding heat energy from temperature change?
Energy transferred
—————— = specific heat capacity
Mass x Temp change
Why does graphite conduct electricity?
It has free electrons so it is delocalised.
What are the uses of buck instead fullerene and why?
When connected together they are strong. So can be used to reinforce graphite tennis racquets.
Why do industries want a high percentage yield?
Most efficient
Little waste
Reduce cost
Why do industry’s want a high atom economy?
Reduced waste product to me removed
Makes process more sustainable
What is the criteria for a batch process?
Small scale, on demand
Variety of products
Labour intensive
What are allotropes?
Different forms of the same element with atoms arranged in different structures.
Name the 3 carbon allotropes
Diamond
Graphite
Buckminster fullerene (Bucky balls)
How do find atom economy?
Mr of desired products
———————– x100
Sum of all Mr of products
How does the limiting reactant affect a reaction?
Reactions stop once it is used up.
It determines the max amount of product that can be made.
How is product mass affected by reactants?
More reactants to begin with, the greater amount of product formed.
Hat is conservation of mass?
Total mass of products at the end of a reaction is equal to the total mass of reactants at the beginning.
How does the rate of reaction change during a reaction?
Usually it begins are fast, then slowly curves to stopping completely.
What happens at high speeds in a reaction?
Particles collide more frequently.
What happens in a slow reaction?
Particles collide a lot less frequently.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that changes Thrace of a chemical reaction.
What happens when concentration is increased in a reaction?
In high concentration the particles will be close together. High collision rate.
What happens when temperature is increased in a reaction?
Particles move faster with more kinetic energy, so collide more often.
What happens if surface are of reactants is increased?
Larger SA, the faster the reaction. Here are more particles on the surface of other reactants to collide with.
How do you find RRM or RFM
(1) write formula of compound.
(2) multiply no of atoms in each element by its Ar
(3) add them all up.
Name two properties of diamond and explain how they relate to its structure:
Doesn’t conduct electricity: no free electrons, all carbon atoms are bond to 4 others.
Hard& high melting point: lots of strong covalent bonds, lots of energy needed to break them.
