C1 Flashcards
What does finite mean?
It is being used up quicker than its being replaced.
What’s a slick?
Oil spills from a tanker in the sea. Oil floats on the surface.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms ONLY.
What is the 7 fractions in a fractional distillation column?
Liquefied petroleum gas Petrol Paraffin Diesel Lubricating oil Fuel oil Bitumen
How can hydrocarbon molecules be described as?
Alkanes and alkenes.
Hat can alkene molecules be sued to make?
Polymers
How does cracking work?
Large alkane molecules are broken into smaller alkene molecules.
What are the three conditions needed for cracking?
High atmospheric pressure
High temperature
A catalyst.
In a hydrocarbon what forces are there?
Strong covalent bonds between atoms.
Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.
What does COMPLETE COMBUSTION produce?
Carbon dioxide and water.
What does INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION produce?
Carbon monoxide and water.
In VERY little oxygen: Carbon and water.m
What is the air Madura off?
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% others ( 0.035% Carbon dioxide)
What else does the air contain?
Water vapour.
What are the elevens of gas controlled by?
Respiration
Combustion
Photosynthesis
How is sulfur dioxide made?
When fossil rums that contain sulfur Impurities are burned.
What does sulfur dioxide cause?
Acid rain
How are oxides of nitrogen formed?
Car engines.
What does oxides of nitrogen cause?
Photochemical smog and acid rain.
What 3 main human factors affect the balance of CO2?
Burning fossil fuels
Deforestation
Increase in world population
What does a catalytic converter do?
Converts Carbon monoxide into Carbon dioxide.
What is the equation for a catalytic converter?
2CO + 2NO –> N2 + 2CO2
If a hydrocarbon has only single covalent bonds, what is it called?
Alkane.
What are alkanes described as?
Saturated hydrocarbons
What are alkanes described as?
Unsaturated
Is a hydrocarbon has one or more double Carbon-Carbon (C=C)covalent bonds, what is it known as?
Alkene
What do alkanes do to bromine water?
No effect
What do alkenes do to bromine water?
Decolourise it
What conditions does joining alkenes to form a polymer need?
High pressure
Catalyst
Nylon is:
Lightweight
Tough
Waterproof
Blocks UV light
What is done to nylon to make it into Goretex?
Nylon fibres are coated with a membrane of PTFE
What does Goretex have?
Much smaller holes in the fabric.
What happens to protein when it is heated?
Molecules change shape. (Denature)
What happens when potatoes and other vegetables are heated?
- Cell wall breaks down, cells become soft.
- Starch grains swell up and are released.
- This makes them easily digestible.
What happens when sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking powder) is heated?
It decomposes to release Carbon dioxide.
What is the equation of baking powder being heated?
Sodium hydrogen carbonate –> sodium carbonate + water + Carbon dioxide.
If Carbon dioxide is present, what happens to limewater?
It changes form colourless to milky.
What are 4 additives?
Antioxidants
Food colours
Flavour enhancers
Emulsifiers
What is the hydrophilic end of an emulsifier?
The end that likes water.
What is the hydrophobic end of an emulsifer?
The end that likes oil.
What are the properties of perfume?
Da orate easily Not toxic Not irritant Non dissolvable in water Non reactive with water
What are soluble substances?
A substance that dissolves in a liquid.
What is an insoluble substance?
A substance that don’t dissolve in a liquid.
What is a solvent?
A liquid which a substance is dissolved.
What is a solute?
A substance that gets dissolved.
What is a solution?
What is produced when a solvent and solute is mixed.
What is paint?
A collide.
What is a binding medium?
An Oil that sticks the pigment to the surface.
How does oil based paints dry?
- Solvent evaporates away.
2. The oil-binding medium reacts with oxygen in the air (oxidation reaction) to form a hard layer.
