C3 Flashcards
Causes of hypernatraemia
drugs
dehydration
drip (IVI)
diabetes insipidus
Causes of hyponatraemia
ADH independent = RF
ADH independent = hypovolaemic (diuretics, GI losses), euvolaemic (SIADH, adrenal insufficiency), hypervolaemic (HF, LF, nephrotic syndrome)
Causes of hyperkalaemia
DREAD
drugs (K sparing / ACEi)
RF
Endocrine (Addison’s)
Artefact (haemolysed sample)
DKA
Causes of hypokalaemia
DIRE
drugs (thiazide / loop)
insufficient intake / losses (diarrhoea / vom)
renal tubular acidosis
endocrine (Cushing’s)
Microcytic anaemia causes
Iron def
Thalassaemia
Normocytic anaemia causes
Chronic disease
Haemorrhage
Haemolytic
Macrocytic anaemia causes
B12 / folate def
Alcohol XS
Liver disease
Cause of high neutrophils
Bacterial infection
Cause of low neutrophils
Viral infection
Clozapine
Carbimazole
Cause of high lymphocytes
Viral infection
Drugs causing thrombocytopenia
v => Plt: Penicillamine (RA tx)
^ destruction Plt: Heparin
Prehepatic jaundice Ix
^ bilirubin (isolated)
Prerenal AKI Ix
^ urea (isolated)
Nb also raised in Upper GI bleed
Intrahepatic jaundice Ix
^ bilirubin
^ AST/ALT
Posthepatic jaundice Ix
^ bilirubin
^ ALP
Drug toxicity: digoxin
confusion
nausea
arrhythmias
Drug toxicity: lithium
early: tremor
intermediate: tiredness
late: coma, DI, RF, arrhythmias, coma, seizures
Drug toxicity: phenytoin
gum hypertrophy
ataxia
nystagmus
peripheral neuropathy
Drug toxicity: gentamycin
ototoxic
nephrotoxic
Drug toxicity: vacomycin
ototoxic
nephrotoxic
Mx bleeding for pt on warfarin
X warfarin
5-10 mg IV vit K
Prothrombin complex
INR 5-8 no bleeding
Omit warfarin for 2 days
Then reduce dose
INR >8 no bleeding
Omit warfarin
Give 5-10 mg PO vit K
INR >4 active bleeding
Give 1-5mg IV vit K
