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Chemistry additional edexcel > C2.2 Ionic compounds and analysis > Flashcards

C2.2 Ionic compounds and analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a positive or negative charge

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2
Q

How do atoms become ions?

A

They lose or gain electrons in chemical reactions

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3
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged ions

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4
Q

How do atoms become cations?

A

They lose electrons

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5
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively charged ions

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6
Q

How do atoms become anions?

A

They gain electrons

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7
Q

Is a metal ion a cation or an anion?

A

Cation

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8
Q

Is a non-metal ion a cation or an anion?

A

Anion

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9
Q

Why do anions gain electrons?

A

To complete their outer shells

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10
Q

Do oppositely charged ions attract or repel?

A

Attract

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11
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged atoms

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12
Q

What is the charge of an ionic compound?

A

0, neutral

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13
Q

Why is an ionic compound neutral?

A

There are equal numbers of positive and negative charges

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14
Q

What are compound ions?

A

Ions that contain more than one element

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15
Q

What is a lattice structure?

A

When something is arranged in a regular way

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16
Q

When can ionic substances conduct electricity?

A

When they are molten or in aqueous solution

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17
Q

What two conditions must be met for a substance to conduct electricity?

A

It must contain charged particles and those particles must be free to move

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18
Q

Why can’t ions conduct electricity when they’re solid?

A

The ions are held in fixed positions because they’re in a lattice structure so they can only vibrate

19
Q

What is the melting point?

A

The temperature at which a substance turns from a solid to a liquid

20
Q

What is the boiling point?

A

The temperature at which a substance turns from a liquid to a gas at its fastest possible rate

21
Q

Do ionic substances have high or low melting and boiling points?

A

High

22
Q

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

A

Ionic bonds are very strong so a lot of energy is needed to break them

23
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

A substance that dissolves well in a liquid

24
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

A substance that doesn’t dissolve in a liquid at all

25
Q

What is a salt?

A

A substance that can be made by reacting an acid and an alkali

26
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

An insoluble product of a reaction

27
Q

What is a precipitation reaction?

A

A reaction in which an insoluble solid is produced from two soluble substances

28
Q

How can you separate the precipitate from unreacted ions?

A
  • through filtration
  • then washing it on the filter paper
  • then drying it in a warm oven
29
Q

Are chlorides, nitrates and common potassium salts soluble or insoluble?

A

Soluble

30
Q

Are hydroxides and lead salts soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

31
Q

What is a barium meal?

A

A drink containing barium sulphate used for X-rays

32
Q

Why is barium sulphate used in X-rays?

A

It shows up opaque on X-rays because X-rays don’t pass through but get absorbed

33
Q

Why is barium sulphate safe to swallow while most barium salts are toxic?

A

Barium sulphate is insoluble which means it doesn’t get absorbed into the blood

34
Q

Why are flame tests used?

A

To help identify elements

35
Q

What colour does sodium go during a flame test?

A

Yellow

36
Q

What colour does potassium go during a flame test?

A

Lilac

37
Q

What colour does calcium go during a flame test?

A

Red

38
Q

What colour does copper(||) go during a flame test?

A

Green-blue

39
Q

What is a spectroscopy?

A

The analysis of light on a spectrum using flame tests

40
Q

How do you do a spectroscopy?

A

You study the light given off flame tests on mineral water. Then a prism is used to separate the colours

41
Q

How were caesium and rubidium discovered?

A

Using a spectroscopy

42
Q

How do you identify aqueous chloride ions?

A
  • you add a few drops of dilute nitric acid to the sample solution which is shaken
  • you then add a few drops of silver nitrate solution
  • if a white precipitate of silver chloride forms there are chloride ions
43
Q

How do you identify aqueous sulphate ions?

A
  • you add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample solution which is shaken
  • you then add a few drops of barium chloride solution
  • if a white solution of barium sulphate forms the solution contains sulphate ions
44
Q

How do you test for carbonate ions?

A
  • you add acid to the substance so that gas is given off

- if the gas turns limewater milky then it is carbon dioxide

Chemistry additional edexcel (6 decks)

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