C2.1 Structure and bonding

Question 1

What are compounds?

Answer 1

Substances in which atoms of two or more elements are chemically combined

Question 2

What does chemical bonding involve?

Answer 2

The transferring or sharing of electrons in the highest occupied energy level (shell)

Question 3

When atoms form chemical bonds by transferring electrons, what do they form?

Answer 3

Ions

Question 4

What charged ion do atoms have if they lose electrons?

Answer 4

Positively charged ion

Question 5

What charged ion do atoms have if they gain electrons?

Answer 5

Negatively charged ion

Question 6

What electronic structure do ions have?

Answer 6

That of a noble gas (group 0)

Question 7

What charge do group 1 form?

Answer 7

1+

Question 8

What charge do group 2 form?

Answer 8

2+

Question 9

What charge do group 3 form?

Answer 9

3+

Question 10

What charge do group 4 form?

Answer 10

None, they usually form covalent bonds by sharing electrons

Question 11

What charge do group 5 form?

Answer 11

3-

Question 12

What charge do group 6 form?

Answer 12

2-

Question 13

What charge do group 7 form?

Answer 13

1-

Question 14

What charge do group 0 form?

Answer 14

None, they do not react with other elements to form ions as they already have full outer shells

Question 15

What do elements in Group 1 (alkali metals) react with non-metals to form?

Answer 15

Ionic compounds in which the metal ion has a single positive charge

Question 16

What do elements in Group 7 (the halogens) react with Group 1 (alkali metals) to form?

Answer 16

Ionic compounds in which the halide ions have a single negative charge

Question 17

What is an ionic compound?

Answer 17

A giant structure of ions

Question 18

What are ionic compounds held together by?

Answer 18

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 19

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 19

When two oppositely charged ions form strong forces of electrostatic attraction which act in all directions in the lattice

Question 20

What is the structure of Sodium Chloride?

Answer 20

Sodium chloride contains Na+ and Cl- ions. The opposite charges are balanced and form strong forces of attraction holding them in a regular lattice structure

Question 21

What bonds are formed when atoms share pairs of electrons?

Answer 21

Covalent bonds

Question 22

Are covalent bonds strong?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Give some examples of simple molecular substances with covalent bonds

Answer 23

H2, O2, Cl2, H2O, HCl, NH3 and CH4

Question 24

Give some examples of giant covalent structures

Answer 24

Diamond, silicon dioxide and graphite

Question 25

What structure do metals have?

Answer 25

Giant structure

Question 26

How are metals arranged?

Answer 26

In a regular pattern

Question 27

What are the electrons in the outer shells of metal atoms?

Answer 27

Delocalised, so free to move through the whole structure

Question 28

How are metals held together?

Answer 28

The positive ions and the negative electrons between them have strong electrostatic attractions holding the structure together