C2.1 Chemical Signalling

Question 2

What is a ligand?

Answer 2

A ligand is a signalling molecule that cells pick up on if tligans can bind with proteins

Question 3

What happens when a ligand binds with a protein receptor?

Answer 3

If a ligand binds with a protein receptor, it causes a change in the shape of the receptor protein causes a cascade of events

Question 4

Ligands VS Enzymes

Answer 4

Ligands:
-Specific to receptor
-Binding at specific sites
-Ligand may remain bound for a long period of time

Enzyme:
-Specific to receptor
-Binding at specific sites
-Binding is quick

Question 5

What is Quorum sensing?

Answer 5

Quorum sensing is something that gets triggered as a function of population density

Question 6

What are the 4 types of chemical signaling molecules?

Answer 6

-Hormones
-Neurotransmitters
-Cytokinin
-Calcium ions

Question 7

Where do hormones come from?

Answer 7

Hormones come from endocrine glands

Question 8

How do hormones get transported through our bodies?

Answer 8

Hormones get transported through our bodies by the bloodstream

Question 9

What are neurotransmitters?

Answer 9

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit electrical impulses from cell to cell

Question 10

What are cytokonines?

Answer 10

Cytokines are proteins that act as signalling chemicals within cells or between nearby cells

Question 11

What conveys messages from the CNS to the endocrine gland?

Answer 11

Motor neurons convey messages from the CNS to the endocrine gland

Question 12

What are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

-Small
-Soluble in water
-have shape compatible with receptor

Question 13

Are hormone affects over large or short distances?

Answer 13

Hormone effects are over large distances since they travel through the bloodstream

Question 14

Are neurotransmitter effects over large of short distances?

Answer 14

Neurotransmitter effects are over short distances since they travel from neuron to neuron

Question 15

What are intracellular receptors?

Answer 15

Intracellular receptors are receptors that are inside the cell, that bind with signaling chemicals inside the cell

Question 16

What are intracellular receptors covered in?

Answer 16

Intracellular receptors are covered in hydrophilic amino acids

Question 17

Is the signaling chemical that passes through the plasma membrane hydrophilic or hydriphobic?

Answer 17

The signalling chemical that passes through the plasma membrane is hydrophobic

Question 18

What are transmembrane receptors?

Answer 18

Transmembrane receptors are receptors that are embedded in the membrane that bind with signalling molecules in the membrane

Question 19

What do transmembrane proteins need to have?

Answer 19

Transmembrane proteins have to have hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids