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C Interaction & Interdependence > C1.2 Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

C1.2 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is a system to produce energy in cells

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2
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula?

A

Oxygen+Glucose-carbon Dioxide & Water

6O2+C6H12O6->+6CO2+6H2O

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3
Q

What do cells need energy for?

A

-Synthesis of macromolecules: anabolic rxs, DNA replication
-Active transport: pumping of substances across a membrane
-Movement: muscle contraction

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4
Q

What is ATP

A

ATP is a nucleotide and it is the energy currency in cells

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5
Q

What does an ATP nucleotide consist of?

A

-3 Phosphate groups
-A ribose sugar
-An adenine base

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6
Q

What makes ATP an ideal energy currency?

A

-ATP is soluble in water so it can move freely in the cytoplasm
-ATP is chemically stable with a PH of 7
-ATP cannot pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer, preventing leakage
-ATP is easily regenerated

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7
Q

Conversion of ATP-> ADP

A

A-P-P-P->A-P-P P
-Hydrolysis
-Energy is released

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8
Q

Conversion of ADP -> ATP

A

A-P-P P->A-P-P-P
-Condensation
-Energy is required

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9
Q

What is the formula for ATP->ADP

A

ATP+H2O->ADP+phosphate+energy

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10
Q

What is the formula for ADP->ATP

A

ADP+phosphate+energy->ATP+H20

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11
Q

What happens when ATP is hydrolysed into ADP?

A

When ATP is hydrolysed into ADP, ernergy is released

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12
Q

During respiration what happens?

A

During respiration carbon compound are oxidised in order to release energy in the form of ATP

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13
Q

Aerobic respiration….

A

-Requires ATP
-Happens in the mitochondria
-Substrates are carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids
-Pyruvate->CO2+H2O
-Produces 34 molecules of ATP
-Purpose is for long lasting energy

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14
Q

Anaerobic respiration….

A

-Does not require ATP
-Happens in the cytoplasm
-Substrates are only carbohydrates
-Pyruvate->Lactic acid in a&h
-Pyruvate->Alcohol in yeast and some bacteria
-Produces 2 molecules of ATP
-Purpose is for short burst of energy

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15
Q

What is an electron carrier?

A

An electron carrier is something that gets easily oxidised and reduced

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16
Q

What is NAD?

A

NAD is the electron carrier in respiration

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17
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Oxidation is when a molecule looses an electron (energy)

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18
Q

What is reduction?

A

Reduction is when a molecule gains an electron (energy)

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19
Q

What is the equation of reduction?

A

NAD+2e+2H=Reduced NAD

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20
Q

What is REDOX?

A

REDOX is the process of oxidation and reduction happening simultaneously

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21
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

-Glycolysis is the first step in aerobic respiration
-Glycolysis does not require oxygen
-Glycolysis is the breaking down of a sugar

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22
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

What is phosphorilation?

A

Phosphorylation is the adding of a phosphate group to a molecule in order to destabilise it

24
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

Decarboxylation is the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule as a molecule of carbon dioxide

25
Q

What are the outcomes of glycolysis?

A

-Net gain of 2ATP
-2 reduced NAD
-2 molecules of pyruvate

26
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis….

A

-Phosphorylation
-Molecule of glucose gets phosphorylated twice
-ATP to ADP

27
Q

Step 2 of glycolysis….

A

-Lysis
-Molecule of glucose gets split
-It gets phosphorylated once more not using ATP this time

28
Q

Step 3 of glycolysis….

A

-Oxidation
-Two molecules get oxidised
-2 NAD to 2 reduced NAD

29
Q

Step 4 of glycolysis….

A

-ATP formation
-4 ADP to 4 ATP using phosphates
-Net gain of 2 ATP

30
Q

How does NAD needed for glycolysis to continue in anaerobic respiration regenerate?

A

-Pyruvate to Lactate and 2 reduced NAD to 2 NAD

31
Q

What are the products humans produce during anaerobic respiration?

A

-Lactate
-2 ATP

32
Q

What are the products humans produce during aerobic respiration?

A

-CO2
-H2O
-34 molecules of ATP

33
Q

What are the products yeast produces during anaerobic respiration?

A

-CO2
-Ethanol

34
Q

Where does the link rxn take place?

A

The link rxn takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

35
Q

What does the link rxn do?

A

The link rxn turns the 3 carbon molecules of Pyruvate into a 2 carbon molecule acetyl coA

36
Q

What is the first step in the link rxn?

A

The pyruvate molecule gets decarboxylated making it a 2 carbon molecule

37
Q

What is the second step in the link rxn?

A

REDOX, pyruvate gets oxidised and NAD becomes reduced

38
Q

What is the third step in the link rxn?

A

CoA gets attached

39
Q

Draw the link rxn….

A

….

40
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

41
Q

What does the Krebs cycle do?

A

The Krebs cycle oxidises and decarboxylates the acetyl coA

42
Q

What are the outcomes of the Krebs cycle?

A

-Reduced NAD
-Reduced FAD
-ATP

43
Q

What is the first step in the Krebs cycle?

A

C4 attaches to acetyl coA

44
Q

What is the second step in the Krebs cycle?

A

-Enzyme coA gets removed

45
Q

What is the third step in the Krebs cycle?

A

-C6 gets decarboxylated
-REDOX, NAD picks up electrons & becomes reduced NAD

46
Q

What is the fourth step in the Krebs cycle?

A

-C5 gets decarboxylated
-REDOX, NAD picks up electrons and becomes reduced NAD

47
Q

What is the fifth step in the Krebs cycle?

A
  • residual electrons allow for further REDOX
    -NAD to reduced NAD
    -FAD to reduced FAD
    -ADP to ATP
48
Q

Where does the ETC take place?

A

The ETC takes place in the intermembrane of the mitochondria

49
Q

What does the ETC do?

A

The ETC generates ATP

50
Q

What is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Electron carriers, proteins that are easily reduced and oxidised

51
Q

Explain the role of the ETC….

A

-The ETC regenerates ATP
-The ETC receives electrons from oxidation rxs
-The ETC receives electrons from reduced NAD and reduced FAD
-Energy released as electrons gets passed on from carrier to carrier
-Protons get pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a high concentration of protons
-Protons pass through ATP synthase back into the matrix
-Flow of protons allow for ATP generation

52
Q

What is the first step in the ETC?

A

-Reduced NAD delivers electrons to the first protein
-Reduced NAD becomes oxidised, releasing energy
-Energy is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

53
Q

What is the second step in the ETC?

A

-Electron carrier apsses electrons to next protein, simultaneously picking up electrons from reduced FAD
-Reduced FAD gets oxidised releasing energy
-Energy is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

54
Q

What is the third step in the ETC?

A

-Electron carrier passes electrons to the next protein simultaneously picking up electrons from reduced NAD
-Reduced NAD gets oxidised, releasing energy
-Energy is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

55
Q

What is the fourth step in the ETC?

A

Chemiosmosis, protons move from high concentration to low concentration through ATP synthase converting ADP into ATP

56
Q

What is the fifth step in the ETC?

A

Electrons on the last protein get picked up by O2 as well as protons on the matrix making H2O

57
Q

What is the difference between lipids and carbs?

A

Lipids release more energy than carbs

C Interaction & Interdependence (4 decks)

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