c2 - theoretical perspectives on sexuality

Question 1

Which of the following is true of erogenous zones?

• They are areas of the body that give pleasure when touched.
• They are present only in males, not in females.
• They are areas of the body that are completely insensate.
• They are present only in females, not in males.

Answer 1

They are areas of the body that give pleasure when touched.

Question 2

The Oedipus complex

• is resolved at the end of the phallic stage.
• is resolved at the end of the oral stage.
• occurs before the oral stage.
• occurs during the oral stage.

Answer 2

is resolved at the end of the phallic stage.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the superego, according to Freud?

• It is the conscience.
• It is present only during infancy.
• It operates on the pleasure principle.
• It operates on the reality principle.

Answer 3

It is the conscience.

Question 4

Freud was criticized by feminists because

• he believed that girls were fixated on their mothers during the phallic stage.
• he believed that boys were hostile toward their mothers during the phallic stage.
• he studied the sexual desires and preferences of women and not men.
• he assumed women to be biologically inferior to men.

Answer 4

he assumed women to be biologically inferior to men.

Question 5

Which of the following is most likely an example of schema-consistent information?

• a female taxi driver
• a male carpenter
• a male nurse
• a female plumber

Answer 5

a male carpenter

Question 6

Which of the following is true of sociobiology?

• It creates a framework within which the economic stratification of society can be studied.
• It is based on the assumption that human sexuality is the result of culture alone.
• It tries to explain why certain patterns of sexual behavior have evolved in humans.
• It assumes that people are entirely free and responsible for developing their own potential.

Answer 6

It tries to explain why certain patterns of sexual behavior have evolved in humans.

Question 7

Social exchange theory

• assumes that we have no freedom of choice and that all events in life are predetermined.
• can predict conditions under which people try to change their relationships.
• applies only to primitive, tribal societies and not contemporary, urban societies.
• does not take the needs and obligations of people into account.

Answer 7

can predict conditions under which people try to change their relationships.

Question 8

Maria is an advocate of feminist theory, while Stefan is an advocate of Darwin’s theory of evolution. They are discussing the theoretical perspectives on sexual phenomena. Which of the following statements is Maria most likely to offer in support of her argument?

• Rape is an expression of men’s power over women.
• People are better off with gender roles.
• Women’s sexuality has been vividly expressed.
• Gender is a dimension of equality, just as race and social class are.

Answer 8

Rape is an expression of men’s power over women.

Question 9

The idea that many people refrain from public nudity and exhibitionism for fear of arrest and incarceration best illustrates that the law

• exerts influence on sexuality through socialization of children.
• is the basis for the mechanisms of social control.
• has no significant impact on people’s behavior.
• gives people the freedom to express their sexuality.

Answer 9

is the basis for the mechanisms of social control.

Question 10

Within the Freudian framework, a married man who has an extramarital affair even though he believes it is immoral is most likely to have a

• strong ego.
• weak id.
• strong superego.
• strong id.

Answer 10

strong id

Question 11

Based in feminist theory, _____ refers to ways in which we perofrm gender or sexuality based on society’s norms.

• intersectionality
• symbolic action theory
• performativity
• heteronormativity

Answer 11

performativity

Question 12

_____ is a learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that reflexively elicits an unconditioned response. Eventually, the conditioned stimulus itself will evoke the response.

• Operant conditioning
• The Oedipus complex
• The Electra complex
• Classical conditioning

Answer 12

Classical conditioning

Question 13

According to social learning theory, the two processes that are useful in explaining the development of gender-stereotyped behaviors are

• existentialism and determinism.
• imitation and observational learning.
• idealism and realism.
• positivism and negativism

Answer 13

imitation and observational learning.

Question 14

Which of the following is a shortcoming of social exchange theory?

• It applies only to women and not to men.
• It does not take the equity of relationships into account.
• It cannot explain selfless behavior such as altruism and martyrdom.
• It applies only to people from primitive, tribal societies.

Answer 14

It cannot explain selfless behavior such as altruism and martyrdom.

Question 15

Sexual scripts

• do not shape the sexual behavior of people.
• tell us the meaning we should attach to a particular sexual event.
• suggest that human sexual behavior is unpredictable and spontaneous.
• have no significant impact on people’s sexual expression.

Answer 15

tell us the meaning we should attach to a particular sexual event.

Question 16

Studies on operant conditioning suggest that

• delayed punishments are more effective at eliminating behavior than immediate punishments.
• delayed positive reinforcements are more effective than immediate positive reinforcements in shaping behavior.
• punishments are not very effective in shaping behavior, as compared with rewards.

Answer 16

punishments are not very effective in shaping behavior, as compared with rewards

Question 17

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized because

• it allows for the fact that some traits displayed by humans may be simply “design flaws.”
• it assumes that every characteristic that we observe must have some adaptive significance.
• it does not give weight to the fact that emotional structures have evolved like human behavior.
• it believes that men and women are identical when it comes to their mating preferences.

Answer 17

it assumes that every characteristic that we observe must have some adaptive significance.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of queer theory?

• It argues that social norms privilege heterosexuality and marginalize other sexual orientations.
• It argues that sexual identities are fixed for an individual.
• It supports the gender binary that separates people into male and female.
• It assumes that heterosexuality is the only pattern of sexuality that is normal and natural in a society.

Answer 18

It argues that social norms privilege heterosexuality and marginalize other sexual orientations.

Question 19

Behavior modification

• does not necessitate a detailed analysis of a person’s personality.
• focuses on what unconscious forces motivate undesirable behavior.
• cannot be used to treat children and adolescents.
• is ineffective in the treatment of sexual disorders.

Answer 19

does not necessitate a detailed analysis of a person’s personality.

Question 20

In the context of the theoretical perspectives on sexuality, feminist theorists argue that

• the sexual experiences of all men are the same.
• women should have greater status and power in society than men.
• people are better off without gender roles.
• the sexual experiences of all women are the same.

Answer 20

people are better off without gender roles.

Question 21

Which of the following is a criticism of sociobiology?

• It fails to value the importance of reproduction in survival.
• It includes the survival of the group in its analysis.
• It does not consider the mating preferences of females.
• It rests on an outmoded model of evolutionary theory.

Answer 21

It rests on an outmoded model of evolutionary theory.