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Chemistry > C2 Chemical Resources > Flashcards

C2 Chemical Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure of the Earth

A

A sphere with a thin rocky crust, a mantle and an iron core

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2
Q

The movements of tectonic plates can cause … (2)

A

Volcanic activity

Earthquake

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3
Q

Approximate movement of tectonic plates every year

A

2.5cm

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4
Q

Many theories have been put forward to explain the nature of Earth’s surface, scientists accept the theory of plate tectonics

A

-

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5
Q

Explain how the size of crystals in an igneous rock is related to the rate of cooling of the rock

A

Igneous rocks contain crystals. These form as the molten rock solidifies. They lock together randomly to form the solid rock. The more slowly the molten rock cools, the larger the crystals become.

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6
Q

Describe magma

A

The molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth

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7
Q

Describe lava

A

The molten rock at the Earth’s surface

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8
Q

Explain why some people chose to live near volcanoes

A

Volcanic soil is very fertile. It is rich in minerals that plants need to grow well.

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9
Q

Describe the lithosphere

A

Relatively cold rigid outer part of the Earth that includes the crust and a part of the mantle. They are made of the tectonic plates, hence they are less dense than the mantle below

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10
Q

Explain problems associated with studying the structure of the Earth

A
  • Crust is to thick to drill through

- the need to use seismic waves produced by earthquakes or man made explosions

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11
Q

Explain why g theory of tectonic plates is widely accepted now. (2)

A
  • It explains a wide range of evidence

- It has been discussed and tested by a range of scientists

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12
Q

Describe the mantle

A
  • Zone between the crust and the core
  • Cold and rigid just below the crust
  • Hot and non-rigid at greater depths and therefore able to move
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13
Q

Describe the theory of tectonic plates

A
  • Energy transferring involving convention currents in the semi-rigid mantle causing the plates to move
  • Oceanic plate is more denser than the continental plate
  • Collision between oceanic plate and continental plate leads to subduction and partial melting
  • Plates cooler at ocean margins so sink and pull plates down
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14
Q

Describe in simple terms the development of Wegener’s theory of tectonic plates (4)

A
  • theory first put forward in 1914
  • theory rejected and not accepted by scientists
  • new evidence in 1960s ( sea floor spreading)
  • slowly accepted by scientists due to new research and evidence
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15
Q

Describe different types of igneous rocks that are formed from lava

A
  • Iron rich basalt is formed from runny lava from fairly safe volcanic eruption
  • silica rich rhyolite is formed from thick lava from an explosive eruption
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16
Q

Explain why geologists study volcanoes (2)

A
  • to be able to predict future eruptions

- to reveal information about the Earth’s structure

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17
Q

Name rocks used in construction of buildings and roads

A

Granite
Limestone
Marble and aggregates

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18
Q

Explain the environmental problems with carrying out Quarrying or mining. (2)

A
  • landscape destroyed and has to be reconstructed once the mining or quarrying is over
  • increased noise, dust and traffic
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19
Q

What are limestones and marble forms of?

A

Calcium Carbonate

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20
Q

What are the products of the thermal decomposition of limestone?

A

Calcium oxide and Carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Describe how concrete is made

A
  • Cement, sand , aggregate and water are mixed together

- Mixture is then allowed to settle

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22
Q

Describe how concrete can be reinforced using steel support

A

Concrete can be strengthened by allowing it to set around a supporting mesh of solid steel

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23
Q

What type of rocks are limestone, marble and granite. Explain why they have different relative hardness?

A
  • Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed from the shells and skeletons of sea creatures
  • Marble is a metamorphic rock made by the action of high pressure and temperatures on limestone
  • Granite is an igneous rock.

( Limestone, Marble, Granite) —–> Granite is the strongest because its crystals are joins together more strongly than the grains in marble

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24
Q

Describe thermal decomposition

A

When a product is heated and the single substance is chemically broken down into 2 new substances

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25
Q

How is cement made?

A

Limestone and clay are heated togther

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26
Q

Why is reinforced concrete a useful material?

A

Hardness of concrete

Flexibility and strength of the steel

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27
Q

How is copper extracted from malachite and carbon

A

By heating it

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28
Q

How can copper be purified?

A

By electrolysis

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29
Q

Explain why recycling copper is cheaper than extracting copper from its core

A
  • saves resources

- use of less energy

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30
Q

How is copper metal removed from it core?

A

Copper metal is extracted by heating crushed ore with carbon

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31
Q

What is an alloy?

A

Mixture containing 2 or more metal elements

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32
Q

List some alloys

A 
Brass 
Bronze
Solder 
Amalgam 
Steel
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33
Q

What are some of the uses of alloys?

A

Amalgam can be used for tooth fillings
Solder can be used to join electrical wires
Brass can be used for musical instruments or coins

34
Q

Describe the use of electrolysis in the purification of copper

A
  • Cathode is the pure copper
  • Anode is the impure copper
  • copper (II) Sulfate solution is the electrolyte
  • cathode gains mass because copper is deposited
  • anode loses mass as copper dissolves
  • A redox reaction
35
Q

Main metals in each alloy

A

Amalgam - mercury
Solder - tin and lead
Brass - copper and zinc

36
Q

Describe nitinol and its uses

A

Nitinol (nickel and titanium) used to make spectacle frames as the frames which will return to their original shape after bending

37
Q

What conditions are required by rusting

A

Iron
Water
Oxygen

38
Q

What metal doesn’t corrode in moist conditions? Why is this so?

A

Aluminium, this is because it is protected by a thin layer of aluminium oxide. It prevents air and oxygen reaching the metal

39
Q

Compare the properties of aluminium and iron

A 
Iron is more denser
Aluminium doesn't corrode 
Iron is magnetic 
Both are malleable 
Both are good electrical conductors
40
Q

What major materials are required to build a car

A

Steel, copper and aluminium

Plastic , fibres, glass

41
Q

Describe the advantages of recycling materials

A

Saves natural resources

Reduces disposal problems

42
Q

Comparison between iron and steel

A

Steel is stronger and stronger

Steel is less likely to corrode

43
Q

Describe advantages and disadvantages of making the car body with steel or aluminium

A
  • Car body of the same size will be lighter with aluminium being used
  • Car body with aluminium will corrode less
  • Car body with aluminium will be more expensive
44
Q

Why are new laws introduced specifying that a minimum percentage of the car must be recyclable

A
  • reduces problem of disposing

- saves natural resources

45
Q

Haber process produces ammonia, where do the reactants come from

A

Nitrogen comes from the atmosphere

Hydrogen comes from cracking of oil fractions or from natural gas

46
Q

Describe the cost of making a new substance depends on which factors (5)

A 
Price of energy 
Wage 
Equipment 
Cost of raw materials 
Cost of catalyst 
How quickly the new substance is made
47
Q

Uses of ammonia

A

Manufacture of fertilisers

Manufacture of nitric acid

48
Q

Describe how ammonia is made during the Haber Process

A

Iron catalyst
High pressure
Temperature in the region of 450’C
Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled

49
Q

Explain the conditions used in the Haber process

A

High pressure increases the percentage yield of ammonia
High temperature decreases the percentage yield of ammonia
High temperature gives a high rate of reaction
450’C is an optimum temperature to give high rate of reaction with a sufficiently high percentage yield of ammonia
Catalyst increases rate of reaction

50
Q

Describe how different factors affect the cost of making a new substance

A

The higher the pressure, the higher the plant cost
The higher the temperature, the higher the plant cost
Catalyst reduce cost by increasing the rate of reaction
When unreacted starting materials are recycled costs are reduced
Automation reduces the wage bills

51
Q

Explain how the economic considerations determine the conditions used

A
  • Rate must be high enough to give a sufficient daily yield of product
  • Percentage yield must be high enough to give a sufficient daily yield of product
  • A low percentage yield can be accepted if the reaction can be repeated many times with recycled starting materials
  • Optimum conditions used that give the lowest cost rather than the fastest reaction or highest percentage yield
52
Q

Describe how universal indicator can be used to describe

A

Universal indicators is a mixture of different indicators. Each one changes colour over a different pH range. This means that the pH of a solution can be estimated using a Universal indicator

53
Q

Alkali is a soluble base

A

-

54
Q

An acid can be neutralised by an alkali or base, or vice versa

A

-

55
Q

Acid + Base —-> Salt + Water

A

-

56
Q

All acids contain H+ ions

A

-

57
Q

The pH of a solution is determined by the concentration of H+ ions

A

-

58
Q

Alkalis contain OH- ions

A

-

59
Q

Metal oxide + acid —-> salt + water

Metal hydroxide + acid —-> salt + water

A

-

60
Q

Carbonate + acid —-> salt + water + carbon dioxide

A

-

61
Q

Fertilisers increases crop yield

A

-

62
Q

Plants absorb minerals from their roots

A

-

63
Q

Describe fertilisers

A

Fertilisers are chemicals that provide plants the essential chemical elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

64
Q

What are the 3 essential elements required by plants to grow

A

Phosphorous
Potassium
Nitrogen

65
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fertilisers

A
  • Increasing food supply

- Eutrophication

66
Q

What apparatus is required to prepare a fertiliser?

A
  • Burette and measuring cylinder

- Filter funnel

67
Q

Names of nitrogenous fertilisers manufactured from ammonia

A

Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Sulfate
Urea

68
Q

Explain why fertilisers must be dissolved in water before they can be absorbed by plants

A

Minerals are taken up by the roots, roots can not absorb insoluble minerals.

69
Q

Arguments against and for the use of fertilisers

A
  • World population is rising so more food needs to be produced
  • Eutrophication and pollution of water supplies can be caused due to the over use of fertilisers
70
Q

Explain how the use of fertilisers increases crop yield

A
  • replaces essential elements used by a previous crop or provides extra essential elements
  • more nitrogen gets incorporated in to plant protein so increased growth
71
Q

Explain the process of eutrophication

A
  • run off of fertiliser
  • increase of nitrate and phosphate in water
  • algal bloom
  • blocks of sunlight to other plants which die
  • aerobic bacteria use up the oxygen
  • many living organisms die
72
Q

Sodium chloride can be obtained from the sea or from salt deposits

A

-

73
Q

What are the products of electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride

A

Hydrogen and chlorine

74
Q

What is the chemical test for chlorine

A

Bleaches moist litmus paper from blue to red and then white

75
Q

Uses of sodium chloride

A

Used as a preservative

Used as a flavouring

76
Q

Household bleach, PVC and solvents are made from substances derived from salt

A

-

77
Q

Chlorine can be used to sterilise water and to make solvents, household bleaches and plastics

A

-

78
Q

Hydrogen is used in the process of manufacturing margarine

A

-

79
Q

Sodium hydroxide is used to make a soap

A

-

80
Q

What is solution mining ?

A

Water is pumped from the surface into the deposit deep underground. The sodium chloride dissolves in the water, and the brine is pumped up to the surface. This is a continuous process that needs little labour, which keeps costs down.

81
Q

How can mining for salt lead to subsidence

A

This is where the land slumps downwards because of a mine below, leading to cracked buildings and holes appearing on the ground

82
Q

Products of electrolysis of sodium chloride

A

Chlorine is made at the anode
Hydrogen is made at the cathode
Sodium hydroxide is also made, this stays dissolved

Chemistry (4 decks)

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