C2 - Bonding, Structure, & Properties Of Matter

Question 1

What is an ion?

• Cation
• Anion

Answer 1

An atom that has gained or lost electrons.

Electrons are negative;
Cation - It has lost electrons so it will be positively charged.
Anion - It has gained electrons so it will be negatively charged.

Question 2

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 2

Bonding between oppositely charged particles, held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.

The positive ions are often metals and the negative ions are often non-metals.

Question 3

Describe how an ionic bond forms between a metal atom and a non-metal atom, in terms of electron transfer.

Answer 3

The metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion.
The non-metal atom gains these electrons to form a negatively charged ion.

These oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond, due to the electrostatic forces of attraction between them.

Question 4

Explain why ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten, but not when solid.

Answer 4

The ions in a solid ionic compound are held in place in a giant lattice structure, so they cannot move around.

When an ionic compound melts, the ionic bonds break and the ions become free to move and can carry an electric charge.

Question 5

Do ionic compounds have high or low melting points? Why?

Answer 5

Ionic compounds have high melting points, because of the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions.

Question 6

What is the structure of ionic compounds?

Answer 6

A regular lattice structure which is closely packed and held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions.

Question 7

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 7

Bonding between 2 non-metals, that share a pair of electrons.

Question 8

What are the 2 forms of covalent bonding structures?

Answer 8

. Simple molecular
. Giant lattice - (such as polymers and giant covalent structures)

Question 9

What are simple molecules?

Answer 9

A structure containing a few distinct groups of atoms, which are held together by covalent bonds.

Question 10

What are some common examples of simple molecular substances?

Answer 10

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Methane
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Water
Hydrogen chloride

Question 11

Describe the properties of simple molecular substances?

Answer 11

Very strong covalent bonds between atoms

Very weak forces of attraction between molecules = very low melting & boiling points because molecules are easily parted from each other

Don’t conduct electricity because there aren’t charged so there are no free electrons or ions

As molecules get bigger, the strength of intermolecular forces increases and more energy needed to break them

Question 12

What is a polymer?

Answer 12

Lots of small units linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections.

Question 13

Describe the structure and properties of polymers

Answer 13

Lots of small unfits linked together by strong covalent bonds to form a long molecule.

The intermolecular forces are larger than in simple molecules so most polymers are solid at room temperature.

Weaker intermolecular forces than ionic or giant molecular compounds so they have lower melting and boiling points.

Question 14

What is a giant covalent structure?

What are the main examples of giant covalent structures?

Answer 14

A macromolecule (a molecule containing a very large number of atoms) where all the atoms are bonded to each other by strong covalent bonds

Diamond, graphite, and silicone dioxide.

Question 15

Describe the properties of giant covalent structures

Answer 15

Very high melting and boiling points because a lot energy is needed to break the covalent bonds between atoms

Don’t conduct electricity because there are no charged particles

Question 16

What is an allotrope?

What are some allotropes of carbon?

Answer 16

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state.

Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.

Question 17

Describe the structure and properties of Diamond

Answer 17

Diamond has a giant covalent structure, made up of carbon atoms that each from four covalent bonds. This makes diamond really hard.

The strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break and give diamond a very high melting point.

Diamond doesn’t conduct electricity because there are no free electrons or ions.

Question 18

Describe the structure of Graphene

Answer 18

• each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds arranged in hexagons
• conducts electricity & thermal energy - three out of four electrons in each carbon’s outer shell are used in bonds so one electron is delocalised and free to move
• high melting point - strong covalent bonds need lots of energy to break
• no covalent bonds between the layers - they’re held together weakly, so they can slide over each other. this means graphite is soft and slippery, so it’s ideal as a lubricating material.

Question 19

Describe the structure, properties, & uses of Fullerenes

Answer 19

• Made up of carbon atoms mainly arranged in hexagons or sometimes pentagons/heptagons.
• Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls.
• Fullerenes form around another atom or molecule - can ‘cage’ a molecule and used to deliver drugs into the body
• Large surface area - make great industrial catalysts and used as lubricants

Fullerenes can form nanotubes:

• conduct electricity and thermal energy
• high tensile strength (don’t break when stretched)
• used in electronics (nanotechnology) or to strengthen materials without adding much weight
  (e.g. in tennis racket frames)

Question 20

What is metallic bonding? And what does it consist of?

Answer 20

Bonding between metallic elements and alloys.

Consists of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern.

Question 21

Why are most metals solid at room temperature?

Answer 21

There are very strong electrostatic forces between the metal atoms and the delocalised sea of electrons, so lots of energy needed to be broken.

This means that most compounds with metallic bonds have very high melting and boiling points, so they’re generally solid at room temperature.

Question 22

Why are metals good conductors of electricity?

Answer 22

The delocalised electrons carry electrical charge and thermal energy through the whole structure, so metals are good conductors of electricity and heat.

Question 23

Why are most metals malleable?

Answer 23

The layers of atoms in a metal can slide over each other, making metals malleable - this means that they can be bent or hammered or rolled into flat sheet.

Question 24

What is an alloy?

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

Answer 24

Alloy - a mixture of a metal and another metal or element

When pure metal is mixed with another element, the new atoms are different sizes from the metal atoms. This distorts the layers of metal atoms, making it difficult for them to slide over each other. So they are harder than pure metals.

Question 25

Describe the structure and properties of solids

Answer 25

Solids have strong forces of attraction between particles holding them close together in fixed positions, therefore:

• Solids have a definite shape and volume
• The particles form a regular lattice arrangement
• The particles vibrate in their positions

Liquids expand slightly when heated.

Question 26

Describe the structure and properties of liquids

Answer 26

Particles in liquids have weak forces of attraction. They are randomly arranged and free to move but tend to stick close together.

• Liquids have a definite volume but don’t have a definite shape
• The particles move constantly with random motion

Liquids expand slightly when heated.

Question 27

Describe the structure and properties of gases

Answer 27

Particles in gases have very weak forces of attraction, so are far apart. They’re free to move and travel in straight lines

• Gases don’t have a definite shape or volume
• The particles move constantly with random motion

Gases expand slightly when heated, or their pressure increases.

Question 28

What does the state of a material depend upon?

Answer 28

It depends on the strength of the forces of attraction between the particles of the material,

Which is determined by the structure of the substance and type of bonds holding the particles together, the temperature and the pressure.

Question 29

2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → CaCl3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

What do the state symbols in this equation show?

Answer 29

Reactants:
Hydrochloric acid = aqueous
Calcium carbonate = solid

Products:
Calcium chloride = aqueous
Water = liquid
Carbon dioxide = gas

Question 30

What does aqueous mean?

Answer 30

Dissolved in water

Question 31

What are the changes of state?

Answer 31

Liquid to solid = freezing or solidifying
Solid to liquid = melting

Liquid to gas = boiling or evaporating
Gas to liquid = condensing

Solid to gas = sublimating

Question 32

How can you predict the state of a substance?

Answer 32

Solid = the temp is below the melting point

Gas = the temp is above the boiling point

Liquid = the temp is between the melting and boiling points