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chemistry > C2: Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter > Flashcards

C2: Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

solid, liquid and gas

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2
Q

How are particles represented in the ‘particle model’?

A

by small solid spheres used to explain how the particles are arranged and how they move in different states

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3
Q

What are the particles like in solids?

A

regular arrangement, very close together, vibrate about fixed positions

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4
Q

What are the particles like in liquids?

A

random arrangement, close together, flow around each other

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5
Q

What are the particles like in gases?

A

random arrangement, much further apart, move very quickly in all direction

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6
Q

What happens when a substance changes state?

A

particles themselves stay the same, the way they are arranged changes, the way they move changes

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7
Q

What sorts of substances have high melting points?

A

ionic compounds, metals and giant covalent structures due to strong forces of attraction

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8
Q

What is bonding like in substances that contain simple molecules?

A

the bonds within the molecules are strong covalent bonds, the forces of attraction between the molecules are much weaker, only little energy is needed to overcome the forces between the molecules, so the melting and boiling points are relatively low

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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10
Q

When do ionic bonds occur?

A

between positive and negative ions, non-metals and metals

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11
Q

What does ionic bonding involve?

A

a transfer of electrons from metal atoms to non-metal atoms

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12
Q

What are the properties of ionic compouns?

A

high melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity when solid because ions cannot move but conduct electricity when molten or in solution because the ions are free to move or carry charge

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13
Q

When does metallic bonding occur?

A

between metals or alloys

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14
Q

What is the general structure of a metal?

A

have a giant structure in which electrons in the outer shell are delocalised which produces a regular arrangement of positive ions held together by electrostatic attraction to the delocalised electrons

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15
Q

What is a metallic bond?

A

the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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16
Q

Why are metals useful structural materials?

A

very strong and most metals have high melting and boiling points

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17
Q

Why are metals good thermal and electrical conductors?

A

they have delocalised electrons that can move around freely and transfer energy

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18
Q

Why can metals be bent and shaped?

A

the particles in pure metals have a regular arrangement. the layers are able to slide over each other quite easily.

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19
Q

Why is copper traditionally used to make water pipes?

A

it is an unreactive metal, so it does not react with water. it can be easily shaped.

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20
Q

What can aluminium be used for and what properties make it fit for purpose?

A

Used for high voltage power, cables, furniture, drinks, cans, foil, food wrap, it’s corrosion resistant, ductile, malleable, good conductivity and low density

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21
Q

What is copper used for and what properties make it fit for use?

A

Used for electrical wiring, water pipes and saucepans. It is ductile malleable in good conductivity.

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22
Q

What can gold be used for and what properties make it fit for purpose?

A

jewellery, electrical junctions, ductile, shiny, good conductivity

23
Q

What is an alloy?

A

a mixture that contains at least one metal

24
Q

Why are most metal objects made from alloys?

A

pure metals are too soft for many uses

25
Q

Why are alloys usually stronger and harder than pure metals?

A

the added element disturbs the regular arrangement of the metal atom, so the layers do not slide over each other so easily

26
Q

What properties does steel with a high carbon content have?

A

hard and strong

27
Q

What properties does steel with a low carbon content have?

A

soft and easily shaped

28
Q

What does stainless steel contain and what properties does it have?

A

chromium and nickel, hard and resistant to corrosion

29
Q

What are aluminium alloys used for and why?

A

aeroplanes, high strength and low density

30
Q

What is bronze and what is it used for?

A

alloy of copper and tin, used to make statues and decorative objects

31
Q

What is brass and what is it used for?

A

alloy of copper and zinc, hard wearing and very resistant to corrosion, used to make taps and door fittings

32
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

a shared pair of electrons between atoms

33
Q

Where do covalent bonds occur?

A

non metals, compounds of non metals

34
Q

How are covalent bonds shown?

A

dot and cross diagrams

35
Q

What are covalent bonds like?

A

very strong

36
Q

What is a simple molecule?

A

a substance that contains a relatively small number of non-metal elements joined together by covalent bonds

37
Q

Can simple molecules conduct electricity?

A

no, they have no overall charge

38
Q

What state do simple molecules usually exist in at room temperature?

A

liquid or gas, they have weak intermolecular forces

39
Q

If a molecule is larger, how will this affect its melting and boiling points?

A

they will increase because the intermolecular forces become stronger

40
Q

What is diamond?

A

form of carbon with a rigid covalent structure (lattice), each carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, these bonds mean that it is a hard substance with a high melting point, there are no charged particles so it doesn’t conduct electricity

41
Q

What is graphite?

A

another form of carbon, high melting point, each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with other carbons, layered hexagonal structure, layers held together by weak intermolecular forces; layers can slide past each other making graphite soft and slippery, delocalised electrons allow graphite to conduct heat and electricity

42
Q

What is graphene?

A

a single layer of graphite

43
Q

What are the properties of graphene?

A

strong, good conductor, nearly transparent. making it useful in electronics and composite materials

44
Q

What is a fullerene?

A

a form of carbon in which the carbon atoms are joined together to form hollow structures

45
Q

What was the first fullerene to be discovered?

A

buckminsterfullerene, consists of 60 carbon atoms, they are joined together in a series of hexagons and pentagons, it is the most symmetrical and therefore stable fullerene

46
Q

What is a carbon nanotube?

A

a cylindrical fullerene with very high length to diameter ratio, properties make them useful in nanotechnology, electronics and materials

47
Q

What can fullerenes be used for?

A

delivering drugs in the body, in lubricants, as catalysts, for reinforcing materials

48
Q

How big are course particles?

A

between 1 x 10^-5m and 2.5 x 10^-6m

49
Q

How big are fine particles?

A

between 100nm and 2500nm

50
Q

How big are nanoparticles?

A

between 1nm and 100nm

51
Q

What happens if you decrease the length of a side of a cube by 10?

A

surface area decreases by 100, volume decreases by 1000 and the surface area to volume ratio increases tenfold

52
Q

Why are nanoparticles beneficial in sun cream?

A

they provide better skin coverage and there more effective protection from the suns harmful UV rays

53
Q

What are some concerns about nanoparticles?

A

they are so small that they could get into and damage human cells or cause problems in the environment

chemistry (5 decks)

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