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Chemistry AQA > C2- Bonding, structure and particles of matter > Flashcards

C2- Bonding, structure and particles of matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of bonding

A
  • Ionic, covenant and metallic
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2
Q

Where does ionic bonding occur

A
  • Particles are oppositely charged ions

- Metals and non metals

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3
Q

When dies covenant bonding occur

A
  • Share pairs of electrons

- most non-metallic and compounds of non metallic

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4
Q

When does metallic bonding take place

A
  • Particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons

- Metallic elects and alloys

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5
Q

What are ions

A
  • Charged particles- can be single atoms or groups
  • Cations- positive
  • Negative- anions
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6
Q

Explain ionic bonding

A
  • When metal and non metal react together, the metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion and non metal gains these electrons to form negatively charged ion
  • Oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electrostatic forces
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7
Q

How can ionic bonds be shown

A
  • Dot and cross diagram
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8
Q

What is an ionic compound

A
  • Giant structure of ions
  • Held together by electrostatic forces between opposite charges
  • Act in all directions
  • Ionic compounds form giant ionic ionic lattice
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9
Q

-How can sodium be presented

A
  • Ball and stock

- colourful balls

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10
Q

What is covenant bonding

A
  • Share electrons to form full outer shell
  • Strong bonds
  • happens in non-metals
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11
Q

What are the ways of drawing covenant bonds

A
  • dot and cross
  • Dispalyed forumla
  • 3d
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12
Q
  • What are the examples of simple molecular structures
A
  • Hydrogen- Single
  • Chlorine - Single
  • Oxygen- Double
  • Nitrogen- tribble
  • Methane- four
  • water- single
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13
Q

What are the properties of simple molecular structures

A
  • Usually those with covalent bonds have this
  • Held together with very strong bond- forces of attraction weak
  • Only need to break friable forces not bonds so melting points are low
  • No free electrons- don’t conduct
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14
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds

A
  • High melting and boiling point
  • Due to many strong bonds that have to be broken
  • Cant conduct electricity when solid
  • When liquid they can conduct
  • Dissolve early in water
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15
Q

What is a polymer

A
  • Long chains of repeating units
    -lots of small units are linked to form long molecule
  • Draw repeated section
  • Joined by covalent
  • ## Loe boiling point
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16
Q

How do you find the molecular formula of polymer

A
  • Write down molecular formula and put brakes around and N on outside
17
Q

What are macromolecules

A
  • Giant covenant structures
  • All atom bonded by strong covalent
  • High melting points
  • Diamond
    dont conduct
18
Q
  • What is an allotrope
A
  • different structural forms of the same element in the physical state
19
Q

What are the allotropes of carbon

A
  • Diamond
  • Graphite
  • Graphene
  • Fullerne
20
Q

What is diamond

A
  • Allotrope of carbon
  • Very hard
  • Giant covalent
  • Four bonds
  • High melting point
  • doesn’t conduct
21
Q

What is graphite

A
  • Three bonds
  • Sheets in Hexagons
  • no bond between layers- move easily
  • High melting point
  • conducts as has one free
22
Q
  • What is graphene
A
  • One layer of graphite
  • One atom thick
  • Very strong
  • Can conduct
23
Q

What are fullerenes

A
  • Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
  • Hexagonal rings, however may also be five or seven
  • First was Buckminsterfullerene c60 which has a physical shape
  • cage other molecules
24
Q

What are carbon carbon nanotubes

A
  • Fullerene
  • Cylindrical very high length to diameter
  • Useful for nanotechnology, electronics and materials- strengthen without weight
25
Q

What are the three states of matter and what processes take place at each temperature

A
  • Solid, liquid gas
  • Melting and freezing- melting
  • Boiling and condensing take place at boiling
26
Q

What does the state at a certain temperature depend on

A
  • Depends on type of bonding and structure

- Stronger bonds require higher melting and boiling points

27
Q

What are the limitations of state diagrams

A
  • No forces
  • All particles are spheres
  • All particles are solid
28
Q

What are there state symbols

A
  • S- solid
  • l- Liquid
  • g- gas
  • aq- aqueous
29
Q

What structure do metals have

A
  • Giant structures in regular patterns

- - - Strong electrostatic forces- sharing of delocalised electrons

30
Q

What electron structure can be seen in metals

A
  • Electrons in outer shell are delocalised and so are free to move through whole structure
    • Strong electrostatic forces between positive and negative
  • Can conduct

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