C2- Bonding, structure and particles of matter Flashcards
What are the three types of bonding
- Ionic, covenant and metallic
Where does ionic bonding occur
- Particles are oppositely charged ions
- Metals and non metals
When dies covenant bonding occur
- Share pairs of electrons
- most non-metallic and compounds of non metallic
When does metallic bonding take place
- Particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons
- Metallic elects and alloys
What are ions
- Charged particles- can be single atoms or groups
- Cations- positive
- Negative- anions
Explain ionic bonding
- When metal and non metal react together, the metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion and non metal gains these electrons to form negatively charged ion
- Oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electrostatic forces
How can ionic bonds be shown
- Dot and cross diagram
What is an ionic compound
- Giant structure of ions
- Held together by electrostatic forces between opposite charges
- Act in all directions
- Ionic compounds form giant ionic ionic lattice
-How can sodium be presented
- Ball and stock
- colourful balls
What is covenant bonding
- Share electrons to form full outer shell
- Strong bonds
- happens in non-metals
What are the ways of drawing covenant bonds
- dot and cross
- Dispalyed forumla
- 3d
- What are the examples of simple molecular structures
- Hydrogen- Single
- Chlorine - Single
- Oxygen- Double
- Nitrogen- tribble
- Methane- four
- water- single
What are the properties of simple molecular structures
- Usually those with covalent bonds have this
- Held together with very strong bond- forces of attraction weak
- Only need to break friable forces not bonds so melting points are low
- No free electrons- don’t conduct
What are the properties of ionic compounds
- High melting and boiling point
- Due to many strong bonds that have to be broken
- Cant conduct electricity when solid
- When liquid they can conduct
- Dissolve early in water
What is a polymer
- Long chains of repeating units
-lots of small units are linked to form long molecule - Draw repeated section
- Joined by covalent
- ## Loe boiling point
How do you find the molecular formula of polymer
- Write down molecular formula and put brakes around and N on outside
What are macromolecules
- Giant covenant structures
- All atom bonded by strong covalent
- High melting points
- Diamond
dont conduct
- What is an allotrope
- different structural forms of the same element in the physical state
What are the allotropes of carbon
- Diamond
- Graphite
- Graphene
- Fullerne
What is diamond
- Allotrope of carbon
- Very hard
- Giant covalent
- Four bonds
- High melting point
- doesn’t conduct
What is graphite
- Three bonds
- Sheets in Hexagons
- no bond between layers- move easily
- High melting point
- conducts as has one free
- What is graphene
- One layer of graphite
- One atom thick
- Very strong
- Can conduct
What are fullerenes
- Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
- Hexagonal rings, however may also be five or seven
- First was Buckminsterfullerene c60 which has a physical shape
- cage other molecules
What are carbon carbon nanotubes
- Fullerene
- Cylindrical very high length to diameter
- Useful for nanotechnology, electronics and materials- strengthen without weight
What are the three states of matter and what processes take place at each temperature
- Solid, liquid gas
- Melting and freezing- melting
- Boiling and condensing take place at boiling
What does the state at a certain temperature depend on
- Depends on type of bonding and structure
- Stronger bonds require higher melting and boiling points
What are the limitations of state diagrams
- No forces
- All particles are spheres
- All particles are solid
What are there state symbols
- S- solid
- l- Liquid
- g- gas
- aq- aqueous
What structure do metals have
- Giant structures in regular patterns
- - - Strong electrostatic forces- sharing of delocalised electrons
What electron structure can be seen in metals
- Electrons in outer shell are delocalised and so are free to move through whole structure
- Strong electrostatic forces between positive and negative
- Can conduct
