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C2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why metals can be bent and hammered into different shapes (1)

A

Made of layers which can slide over each other

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2
Q

Electrolysis (2)

A

Electricity Passed through ionic substances

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3
Q

Sodium chloride negative electrode

A

Hydrogen

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4
Q

Why graphite conducts electricity (2)

A

1 electron from each atomIs delocalised

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5
Q

Exothermic (1)

A

Gives out heat

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6
Q

How ions are held together in solid magnesium oxide

A

Opp charged ionsAttract

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7
Q

Hydrochloric acid + magnesium oxide turns into ? + water (1)

A

Magnesium chloride

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8
Q

Soluble compound contain bromide ionsDitto silver ions (2)

A

Sodium bromideSilver nitrate

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9
Q

Why lights turned out (1)

A

Silver ions reduced to silver

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10
Q

Type of chemical reaction when compounds mixed (1)

A

Precipitation

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11
Q

Reduction (2)

A

Electrons gained

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12
Q

How decrease in temp affect yield of ammonia (2)

A

DecreaseRate of reaction slower

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13
Q

Increase in pressure affect ammonia yield (2)

A

IncreaseIncrease RoR

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14
Q

Economic safety and environmental factors when ammonia factory near town (3)

A

EconomicLarge town provides work forceWorkers not travel far to workSafetyEscape of dangerous gasesDanger of increased trafficEnvironmentalEye sireLoss of habitants

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15
Q

How nucleus of oxygen 18 diff from 16 (2)

A

2More neutrons

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16
Q

How did wohler prove that a life force is not needed to make organic compounds (1)

A

He made organic compounds

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17
Q

Why most scientists still believed life force needed to produce organic compound (1)

A

Wohler lack of status

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18
Q

Why most scientists believe wohler (1)

A

Wohler had more evidence

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19
Q

Lead an what makes lead nitrate (1)

A

Nitric acid

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20
Q

How solid lead nitrate obtained from lead nitrate solution (1)

A

Evaporate

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21
Q

Exothermic. How temp will change as reaction occurs (1)

A

Increases

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22
Q

Why giant covalent structures have high melting points (2)

A

Strong bondsLot of energy needed to break them

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23
Q

Why increasing temp increases RoR (2)

A

Particles have more energyMove fasterCollide more often

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24
Q

Nanosize (1)

A

1-100nm

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25
Q

Why nanocoated tennis balls good for environment (2)

A

Less need to be madeLast longerLess wasteLess pollution

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26
Q

How vapour pressure of propane changes with temp (2)

A

No change initiallyIncreaseSlowly at first then more rapidly

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27
Q

Why propane low bp(2)

A

WeakIntermolecular forces

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28
Q

How metals conduct electricity (2)

A

Electrons free to moveAnd carry charge

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29
Q

Why gel contain ions can conduct electricity (1)

A

Ions are charged

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30
Q

Why did the mass of the flask and contents decrease with time (1)

A

Loss of CO2

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31
Q

Why not get max amount of aspirin (1)

A

Errors in weighingImpure reactants

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32
Q

How catalyst reduce cost (1)

A

Use lower tempUse less fuel

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33
Q

Alkali formed in electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (1)

A

Sodium hydroxide

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34
Q

…..Cl- turn into Cl2 …………. (1)

A

2 +2e-

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35
Q

How sodium atom change into ion (2)

A

1 electron given away

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36
Q

Why chloride ions move to positive electrode (1)

A

Ions are negatively charged

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37
Q

Why done by independent scientists (1)

A

Not biased

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38
Q

Property of hydrogen chloride allow it escape into atmosphere (1)

A

Gas

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39
Q

Insoluble solids separated from solution how (1)

A

Filtration

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40
Q

Crystals obtained from solution how (1)

A

Evaporation

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41
Q

Simple molecules have low bp why (2)

A

WeakIntermolecular forces

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42
Q

Diff between H2 atom and H1 (2)

A

H2 1 proton and 1 neutronH1 1 proton

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43
Q

Why copper has high mp (4)

A

Giant latticeStrongElectrostatic forces of attractionLots of energy needed to break the bonds

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44
Q

Why student should repeat (1)

A

Improve reluabilityEliminate human errors

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45
Q

Why farmers use ammonium compounds (1)

A

Fertiliser

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46
Q

Why high temp used (1)

A

Increase RoR

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47
Q

Acid used to make ammonium sulphate

A

Sulphuric acid

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48
Q

Why sodium chloride solution conduct electricity (1)

A

Ions free

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49
Q

Why chloride ions attracted to positive electrode (1)

A

Negative

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50
Q

2 possible causes of anomaly (2)

A

Gas escapeWeighing errorChange in tempTiming error

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51
Q

How student can check reliability (1)

A

RepeatCompare with others

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52
Q

How increase in con affect volume of gas produced (1)

A

Increases

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53
Q

How Fe turn into Fe3+ (2)

A

Lose 3 electrons

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54
Q

Magnesium sulfate from what acid (1)

A

Sulphuric acid

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55
Q

Why catalysts used

A

Speed up reaction

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56
Q

Why catalyst not need to be replaced (1)

A

Catalyst not used up

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57
Q

Why different catalyst used inA and B (1)

A

Diff reaction require diff catalysts

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58
Q

Why nanosized catalyst particle reduce cost of catalytic converter (3)

A

Smaller atomsBigger SALess catalyst needed

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59
Q

Why silicon dioxide suitable for welding blamkets (3)

A

Giant structureStrong covalent bond difficult to breakLot of energy needed to breakHigh mp

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60
Q

Why yield not max (1)

A

Reversible reactionImpure reactants

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61
Q

Describe effect that increasing con has on RoR (3)

A

RoR increasesBecause more particles/unit volumeIncrease frequency of collisions

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62
Q

Why hydrogen ions move to negative electrode (1)

A

They are positively charged

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63
Q

How does hydrogen ion change into atom (1)

A

Gains an electron

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64
Q

Which ion makes waste alkaline (1)

A

Hydroxide

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65
Q

Ionic equation for neutralisation (1)

A

H+ + OH- turn into H2O

66
Q

Why reaction mixture heated (1)

A

Increase RoR

67
Q

Mass less than calculated (1)

A

Weighing errorLeft in apparatus

68
Q

Why catalyst work long time before need replacing (1)

A

Not used up

69
Q

Why thermosoftening polymer not suitable for hot packaging (2)

A

Has low mpWeak intermolecular forces

70
Q

Why solution goes cloudy (2)

A

Sulphur formsWhich is a solid

71
Q

How gas chromatography can separate substances in a mixture of compounds (3)

A

Substance carried by gasThrough columnAt diff speeds

72
Q

What info does molecular ion peak give about the molecule (1)

A

Relative molecular mass

73
Q

Why scientists cannot answer question (2)

A

Cannot be determined by experimentBased on opinion

74
Q

What happens when sodium atoms react with iodine atoms to produce sodium iodide (3)

A

Sodium atom loses one electron and iodine atom gains an electronForms ionic bonds

75
Q

Why solution can conduct electricity (1)

A

Ions can move

76
Q

What is formed at negative electrode when sodium iodide solutuon electrolysed why (2)

A

HydrogenSodium more reactive

77
Q

Why electrode dry faster if use propanone instead of water (1)

A

Has low bp

78
Q

Why results not as expected (2)

A

Weighing errorImpurities in electrodeLost during washing

79
Q

How electrolysis used to make pure copper from impure (4)

A

Impure is positivePure negativeCopper loses electrons Form positive ionsGains electrons at negative electrodeAttracts at negative electrodeSludge at bottomImpurities not attracted to electrode

80
Q

Copper oxide reacts faster at higher tenp why (2)

A

Particles have more energyMove fasterCollide more often

81
Q

Why silicon dioxide used to make bricks for high temp furnaces (4)

A

High mpEach silicon atom joined to 4 oxygen atomsStrong covalent bondsMany needed to be brokenLots of energy needed to break bondsGiant covalent structureNo free electronsPoor conductor of heat

82
Q

Why pH increased (1)

A

Sodium hydroxide is alkali

83
Q

Why nanoparticles pass though skin easier (2)

A

Nano are smallerSo easily pass through skin

84
Q

Why suncream containing nano should be tested further (1)

A

May be toxic

85
Q

Why companies don’t want to test sun cream (2)

A

Testing expensiveTime consuming

86
Q

Why metals good conductors of electricity (2)

A

Electrons can move aroundAnd carry charge

87
Q

Why higher atom economy advantage (2)

A

Less wasteLess pollutionLess purificationMore useful use of atoms

88
Q

Why copper good conductor of electrici (2)

A

Has delocalised electronsCan move through metal

89
Q

How fluorine atom change to ion F- (2)

A

An electronIs gained

90
Q

How graph support conclusion (1)

A

Straight lineAs con increase rate increase

91
Q

Why RoR increase when con increased (2)

A

More particles in volume of solutionGreater frequency of collisions

92
Q

What ions make solution acidic (1)

A

Hydrogen

93
Q

What substance added to give OH-ions (1)

A

Alkali

94
Q

Precipitate (1)

A

Insoluble substance

95
Q

How separate precipitate from solution (1)

A

Filtration

96
Q

Why lower temp not used (1)

A

Rate too slow

97
Q

Acid reacts with ammonium nitrate (1)

A

Nitric

98
Q

Why graphite has these properties (5)

A

Each carbon forms 3 bondsIn layersWeak intermolecular forces between layersLayers can slide over each otherOne electron not used up in bondingDelocalisedCarry chargeGiant covalent structureLots of energy needed to break bonds

99
Q

Why hydrogen ions attracted to negative electrode (1)

A

Positive

100
Q

Why hydrogen formed not potassium

A

Potassium more reactive

101
Q

Why hydrogen in lithium nitride safer than hydrogen

A

H2 bonded with lithium nitrideDoes not leak

102
Q

How nano different from normal (1)

A

Snaller

103
Q

Why nano release hydrogen more quickly than normal (1)

A

Greater Sa

104
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electron

105
Q

Why companies test perfume (1)

A

Check safety

106
Q

Were test valid or reliable (2)

A

Not repeatNot reliable

107
Q

Why iron used (1)

A

Speed up reaction

108
Q

How ammonia separated from nitrogen and hydrogen (2)

A

CooledCondensesN h not condense

109
Q

Why results prove strontium chloride and barium chloride must be diff (1)

A

One was exo one endo

110
Q

Why strontium ions attracted to negative electrode (1)

A

Positively charged

111
Q

What property of diamond makes it suitable for use on the cutting end of a drill bit (1)

A

Hard

112
Q

Why diamond hard (3)

A

Giant covalent structureStrong covalent bondsCarbon bonded to 4 other atoms

113
Q

Why graphite good conductor of electricity but not diamond (3)

A

Graphite has delocalised electronsEach carbon joined to 3 other atomsDiamond no free electronsAll electrons used for bonding

114
Q

Why sodium oxide and potassium oxide dangerous in contact with skin (1)

A

CorrosiveDamages cells

115
Q

Scientists developed catalysts allow reaction faster at lower temp. How good for environment and manufacturer (2)

A

Less fuel neededConserve resourcesMore product obtained in shorter time

116
Q

*Why lid on container (1)

A

Prevent evaporation of solvent

117
Q

*Why start line drawn in pencil not ink (1)

A

Ink dissolves in solvent

118
Q

*2 advantages of gas chromatography compared with paper (2)

A

QuickAccurateSensitive

119
Q

*What does gas chromatography do to mixture of solvents (1)

A

Separates

120
Q

*What info does mass spectroscopy give (1)

A

Identifies solvent

121
Q

*Exothermic (1)

A

Gives out energy

122
Q

*How Au become Au3+ (2)

A

Loses 3 electrons

123
Q

*Why Co2 has low bp (3)

A

Small moleculeWeak intermolecular forcesSmall amount of energy needed to separate molecules

124
Q

*Why gold still used as catalyst (3)

A

Gold only catalyst for some reactions Not used upOnly small quantities neededIncrease RoR

125
Q

*Why electrolyte contain cryolite (2)

A

Lowers mo of aluminium oxideLess energy needed to melt it

126
Q

*Why positive electrode used up (2)

A

Electrode reacts with O2 To form Co2

127
Q

*Why 2 hydroxide ions for each calcium ion (1)

A

Calcium is +2 and hydroxide is -1

128
Q

*Nanoparticles (1)

A

Particles of sze 1-100nm

129
Q

*Why graphite softer than diamond (4)

A

Layers on graphite can slideOnly weak intermolecular forcesEach carbon atom in diamond covalently bonded to 4 othersCarbon cannot slide

130
Q

*Why graphite can conduct but not diamond

A

Graphite has delocalised electronsCan carry charge through the structureDiamond has no delocalised electrons

131
Q

Why cake rise when baked (1)

A

Water produced

132
Q

Do reactants need to be heated (1)

A

Yes to start reaction

133
Q

2 observations student could make (2)

A

FizzingChange in pHMagnesium dissolved

134
Q

Why yield less than expected (1)

A

Reversible

135
Q

What ion make ammonia solution alkaline (1)

A

Hydroxide

136
Q

Reaction between aqueous ammonia solution and acid (1)

A

Neutralisation

137
Q

Ammonium sulfate formula (1)

A

(NH4)2SO4

138
Q

Why electrolysis not work on solid (2)

A

Charge couldn’t flowIons not free to move

139
Q

How potassium atoms formed from ions (2)

A

GainOne electron

140
Q

Purpose of gas chromatography (1)

A

Separate

141
Q

What info do molecular ion peak from mass spectrometer give about the substances (1)

A

Relative molecular mass

142
Q

Ion which makes sulfuric acid acidic (1)

A

Hydrogen

143
Q

Start line drawn with ruler and ….. Why (2)

A

PencilInk would dissolve

144
Q

Why diff compounds separate in gas chromatography column (1(

A

Diff substances travel at diff speedsHave diff retention times

145
Q

Why chlorine is gas at room temp but sodium chloride is solid (6)

A

ChlorineCovalent bondsSimple moleculesWeak intermolecular forcesLow bpSodiumStrong electrostatic forces of attractionIn all directionsBetween opp charged ionsGiant latticeLarge amount of energy needed to breakHigh mp

146
Q

Effect of increasing pressure on RoR (3)

A

Rate increasesMore particles in same volumeFrequency of collisions increase

147
Q

Why b more effective ;2(

A

Greater SaSo reaction faster

148
Q

Activation energy (1)

A

Minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction

149
Q

Why potassium to suitable to react with acid (2)

A

Too reactiveSo dangerous

150
Q

How increase RoR (1)

A

Increase con of acidTempSA of zinc

151
Q

Why zinc chloride must be molten (1)

A

Ions can move and carry charge

152
Q

Zinc chloride what happens at negative electrode (3)

A

Zinc ion gain2 electronsZinc formed

153
Q

How tell that reaction done at high temp (1)

A

Magnesium is gas

154
Q

Endothermic (1)

A

Takes in energy from surroundings

155
Q

Why carbon nanotubes used a slubricants (2)

A

Nano can slide over each otherWeak intermolecular forces

156
Q

Why graphite conduct electricity (2)

A

Delocalised electronsMove through graphite

157
Q

What happens when magnesium atoms react with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide (4)

A

Magnesium lose 2 electronsOxygen gainGive full outer shell

158
Q

Glass melts at lower temp why (1)

A

Weaker bonds

159
Q

Sodium oxide formula (1)

A

Na2O

160
Q

Describe structure of metal (3)

A

LayersPositive ionsWith sea of delocalised electrons

2 (6 decks)

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