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Chemistry > C2 (2) > Flashcards

C2 (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

If metal oxides and metal hydroxides disolve in water, what are these compounds?

A

Alkalis

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2
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide/metal hydroxide?

A

Acid + Metal oxide = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal hydroxide = Salt + Water

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3
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and copper oxide?

A

Hydrochloric acid + copper oxide = copper chloride + water

2HCl + CuO = CuCl(2) + H(2)O

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4
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide?

A

Sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide = Potassium sulphate + Water

H(2)SO(4) + 2KOH = K(2)SO(4) + 2H(2)O

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5
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate?

A

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium carbonate?

A

Phosphoric acid + Sodium carbonate = Sodium phosphate + Water + Carbon dioxide
2H(3)PO(4) + 3Na(2)CO(3) = 2Na(3)PO(4) + 3H(2)O + 3CO2

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7
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate?

A

Hydrochloric acid + Sodium carbonate = Sodium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide
2HCl(2) + Na(2)CO(3) = 2NaCl + H(2)O + CO(2)

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8
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and ammonia?

A

Acid + Ammonia = Ammonium salt

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9
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and ammonia?

A

Hydrochloric acid + ammonia = ammonium chloride

HCl + NH(3) = NH(4)Cl

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10
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and ammonia?

A

Sulfuric acid + Ammonia = Ammonium sulfate

H(2)SO(4) + NH(3) =(NH,4)2 SO(4)

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11
Q

What are the three main elements in fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

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12
Q

What happens if plants don’t get enough of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium?

A

Their growth and life processes are affected

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13
Q

Why might plants not recieve enough of the essential elements?

A

They’ve been used up from the soil by a previous crop

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14
Q

What do fertilisers do?

A

Replace the missing elements in the soil or provide more of them

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15
Q

Why are fertilisers used?

A

To increase the crop yield as the crops can grow faster and bigger

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16
Q

Describe the four steps of eutrophication

A
  1. Fertiliser runs off into rivers and steams
  2. The level of nitrates and phosphates in the water increases
  3. Algae multiply rapidy from the nutrients = algal bloom = blocks off light to plants = die
  4. Aerobic bacteria feed on dead plants and multiply = use up all oxygen = everything dies
17
Q

Describe the titration method to make ammonia nitrate?

A
  1. Burette, nitric acid solution, ammonia solution and indicator
  2. Add methyl orange indicator to ammonia = yellow
  3. Slowly add nitric acid to ammonia from burette until it changes to red = neutralised
18
Q

How do you get solid ammonium nitrate crystals after titration?

A

Gently evaporate the solution and leave it to crystalise

19
Q

Why aren’t the crystals made in titration pure? How are they made pure?

A

They contain methyl orange.
Need to note exactly the amount of nitric acid it took to neutralise the amonia and then repeat the method without the indicator

20
Q

What is the yield of a reaction?

A

The mass of product that you end up with

21
Q

What does 100% yield mean?

A

You got all the product you expected to get

22
Q

What does 0% yield mean?

A

No reactants were converted into product

23
Q

What is the equation for the haber process?

A

N(2) + 3H(2) = 2NH(3)

REVERSIBLE!

24
Q

In the haber process why isn’t all the nitrogen and hydrogen converted to ammonia?

A

Because the reaction is reversible

25
Q

What happens to the nitrogen and hydrogen that do not react? Why does this happen?

A

They are recycled and passed through again so none is wasted

26
Q

What conditions are used for the haber process?

A 
Temperature = 450 C
Pressure = 200 atmospheres
Catalyst = Iron
27
Q

Why are high pressures used in the haber process?

A

They favour the forward reaction.

The high pressure increases the percentage yield of ammonia.

28
Q

Why are high temperatures used in the haber process?

A

They favour the reverse reaction

The high temperature decreases the percentage yield of ammonia

29
Q

Why isn’t a lower temperature used in the haber process?

A

Lower temperatures mean slower reaction rates so a higher temperature is used to increase the reaction rate

30
Q

Why is 450C an optimum temperature?

A

Gives a fast reaction rate and a reasonable percentage yield

31
Q

What 5 things does production cost depend on?

A
  1. Price of energy
  2. Cost of raw materials
  3. Labour costs (wages)
  4. Plant costs (equipment)
  5. Rate of production
32
Q

What are optimum conditions?

A

Conditions that give the lowest production cost

33
Q

How is salt retrieved from underground deposits?

A

Drilled, blasted and dug out and brought to the surface using machinery

34
Q

What is rock salt a mixture of?

A

Salt and impurities

35
Q

What is solution mining?

A

Solution mining = Pumping hot water underground =the salt dissolves the the salt solution is forced to the surface by the pressure of the water

36
Q

What are three uses of rock salt?

A

Flavour food
On icy roads
Making chemicals

Chemistry (8 decks)

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