C1 (2)

Question 1

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 1

Separation of a mixture by boiling, followed by condensation, which is successful because each component has a different boiling point

Question 2

How is the fractional distillation of crude oil carried out?

Answer 2

Oil is heated to 450 degrees and pumped into bottom of column where it vaporises
Column is hot at bottom but cooler at top because as vaporised oil rises it cools and condenses

Question 3

Where do longer hydrocarbons leave the fractioning column?

Answer 3

Near the bottom because they have high melting point

Question 4

Where do shorter hydrocarbons leave the fractioning column?

Answer 4

Near the top because they have low melting points

Question 5

What is the order for where different hydrocarbons leave the colum? Bottom to top

Answer 5

Bitumen
Oil
Diesel
Kerotene
Naptha
Petrol
LPG

Question 6

As the size of a hydrocarbon increases what effects does it have on the properties?

Answer 6

Boiling point increases
Less flammable
More viscous (doesnt flow so easily)
Less volatile (doesn't evaporate so easily)

Question 7

What does cracking do?

Answer 7

Turns long alkane molecules into shorter, more useful alkene molecules to match supply and demand
(form of thermal decomposition)

Question 8

What does cracking need in order to take place?

Answer 8

Lots of heat and a catalyst

Question 9

What is an advantage and disadvantage of fossil fuels?

Answer 9

Conveinient source of energy

Very polluting and will run out

Question 10

What are the advantages of disadvatages of biofuels?

Answer 10

Advantages:
Carbon neutral
Storage, transport and distribution costs are low

Disadvantages:
Production needs lots of energy
Few UK suppliers

Question 11

What are two political problems associated with fossil fuels/oil?

Answer 11

Conflict in oil producing countries = prices increase

Oil producing countries think they have more power and influence

Question 12

What are three environmental problems associated with fossil fuels/oil?

Answer 12

Oil leaks/spills
Oil damages bird feathers = making them not waterproof
Detergents break up oil but too many damage wild life

Question 13

What seven things must be considered when choosing a fuel?

Answer 13

1) Availability
2) Pollution
3) Energy value
4) Cost
5) Storage
6) Ease of Use
7) Toxicity

Question 14

When does complete combustion occur?

Answer 14

When there is plenty of oxygen

Question 15

What is the equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

Answer 15

Hydrocarbon + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

Question 16

When does incomplete combustion occur?

Answer 16

When there is not enough oxygen

Very dangerous and poisonous

Question 17

What is the equation for incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

Answer 17

Hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide + water (+energy)

Question 18

What happened in phase 1 of the evolution of the atmosphere?

Answer 18

Volcanoes gave out steam and CO(2)
? Earth’s surface = originally molten and any atoms boiled away
? It cooled and a thin crust formed
? Volcanoes kept erupting and released gases from inside of earth
? Early atmosphere was mainly CO(2) and water vapour. WV later condensed = oceans

Question 19

What happened in phase 2 of the evolution of the atmosphere?

Answer 19

Green plants evolved and oxygen produced
? Lots of CO2 dissolved in oceans
? New plants photosynthesis = remove CO2, gave O2
? O2 built up but CO2 locked in fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
? Nitrogen gas put into atmos by ammonia and oxygen reacting and released by denitrifying bacteria

Question 20

What happened in phase 3 of the evolution of the atmosphere?

Answer 20

Ozone layer allows evolution of complex animals
? O2 build up killed early organisms
? Evolution of complex organisms = made use of o2
? O2 created ozone layer to block harmful sun rays and more complex animals evolved
? Virtually no CO2 now

Question 21

What produces carbon dioxide and what effect does it have?

Answer 21

Burning of fossil fuels

It is a greenhouse gas

Question 22

What produces carbon monoxide and what effect does it have?

Answer 22

Incomplete combustion

Poisons red blood cells = fainting, coma or death

Question 23

What produces sulfur dioxide and what effect does it have?

Answer 23

Power stations

Acid rain
? Lakes = acidic = plants and animals die
? Kills tress and damages limestone

Question 24

What produces nitric oxides and what effect does it have?

Answer 24

Road traffic and power stations

Acid rain and smog

Question 25

What produces carbon particulates and what effect do they have?

Answer 25

Burning fossil fuels

Breathing difficulties

Question 26

Why is it important that atmospheric pollution is controlled?

Answer 26

Pollutants make life unhealthy for humans, animals and plants.
Respiratory illnesses have increased which may be caused by pollution

Question 27

How is atmospheric pollution controlled?

Answer 27

Catalytic converters on cars reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide getting into the atmosphere.
They turn unpleasant exhaust gases into less dangerous gases

Question 28

What is the equation for catalytic converters?

Answer 28

Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide = nitrogen + carbon dioxide

2CO + 2NO = N(2) + 2CO(2)