C2 Flashcards
What is mindfulness?
A psychological approach of living that involves us ‘being in the present moment’ rather than worrying about the future or past.
How can mindfulness be used as a therapy?
It can be used as a therapeutic technique asitit focus on a persons awareness in that present moment whilst still acknowledging their feelings.
Mindfulness technique 54321
5 Things you can see around you
4 things you can touch
3 things you can hear
2 things you can smell
1 things you can taste
What does the hovland Yale theory of persuasion discuss ?
If a message persuades people to change their behaviour and whether it depends on the message (the communication) the person who gives it (the communicator) or the person who receives it (the recipient)
What two factors must the communicator have?
Credibility: a communicator is viewed as more persuasive if they are seen as credible (believable) for example a medical, qualified doctor or a person who has experience the issue personally is more credible than someone who hasn’t.
Attractiveness: communicators who are more physically attractive are more persuasive than less attractive ones. This is due to the halo effect, people tend to associate attractive people with qualities such as intelligence
Two factors the message must have? (Hovland Yale theory)
Emotional appeal: they must have a fear related threat to persuade the person to change the behaviour but also must have a way out so the recipient has faith they can overcome the challenge.
Multiple sided argument: how persuasive an argument is depends on whether it presents one or two sides. E.g an anti smoking message could only have information about the dangers of smoking but to make it more effective it could point out the fact smoking brings pleasures but also causes detrimental effects
Two factors recipients may have and why it is good or not for them to have it (hovland Yale theory)
Intelligence: this theory highlights intelligent people are harder to persuade than people of low intelligence because intelligent people have the cognitive resources to process more complex messages and reject being persuaded
Self-esteem: people lacking self esteem are easier to persuade than people with high self esteem. This means that health campaigns should target people with low self esteem
How does the hovland Yale theory predict changes in health behaviour?
Smokers are more likely to be persuaded to give up smoking by taking in information if:
- the source of the information is credible because they are seen as an expert
- the anti smoking message( communication) includes frightening consequences (lung cancer) but also explains how to avoid them
- the smoker (audience) has low intelligence and self esteem
Define the fear arousal theory of persuasion
It explores the impact of a message to change an attitude or a behaviour by creating fear.
Why can fear be seen as a drive ( fear arousal theory)
Because fear motivates people to change their behaviour as it is accompanied by physiological and psychological arousal that we find uncomfortable
What is the correlation between fear arousal and behaviour change? ( fear arousal theory)
Low fear- message that creates no fear does not change behaviour because the arousal experienced by the recipient is not unpleasant enough to produce the motivational drive needed to change
Moderate/ medium fear: this produces enough unpleasant arousal to trigger the need to change and therefore the recipient is more likely to change their behaviour
High fear: it produces a lot of unpleasant arousal but does not cause a change in behaviour because so much fear is produced the recipient believes that changing their behaviour will not be enough
What factor reduces the fear arousal state & why? (Fear arousal theory)
Denial reduces the fear arousal state, for example watching a fear inducing anti drink driving film with graphic images of a car crash. A viewer might saw to themselves “ I would never drink that much” “that would never happen to me” so denial is strengthened through negative reinforcement ( relief from a negative stimulus) where the viewer feels better but their behaviour doesn’t change
How can you predict behavioural change using the fear arousal theory:
Fear arousal theory predicts a smoker will be persuaded to stop smoking if they:
- experience a moderate amount of fear e.g by viewing an anti-smoking advert that shows some of the health consequences of smoking (such as lung cancer) but not in too much graphic detail
- understand that their current behaviour makes them vulnerable to these consequences
What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
It suggests there are two ways a message can
persuade someone to change their attitude or
behaviour either through the central route or the peripheral route
Define the central route
It is a direct form of persuasion as the individual becomes persuaded after they take in the message because they are personally interested in the issue and motivated by it .
this is HIGHLY ELABORATION as they throughly evaluate the message content
Define the peripheral route ( elaboration-likelihood model )
The individual does not process the content of the message because they might not have enough time, don’t have the ability or effort .
However they are persuaded by factors such as the attractiveness of person giving it
This is LOW ELABORATION because the evaluation of the content is minimal
Factors of influence (ELM)
-ELM suggests that the route used depends on several factors
If a celebrity or a person who is attractive is associated with the message then the route of influence is peripheral
If a celebrity actually highlights the content encouraging the audience to pay attention then the route is central
What four stages is cognitive behavioural therapy made of?
- functional analysis
- cognitive restructuring
- behaviour change
- relapse prevention
What happens in the stage of functional analysis- CBT
- the client and therapist work together to identify high risk situations
- they also try to work out which distorted thoughts and irrational beliefs trigger the addictive behaviour
What happens in the stage of cognitive restructuring- CBT
- the clients distorted thinking is challenged by the therapist
- this will help them to understand how their faulty thinking is affecting their behaviour
What happens in the stage of behaviour change -CBT
Clients learn new skills to help them cope
Skill training includes anger management and social skills
The client practices these skills in a safe environment
And in the real world through homework tasks
What happens in the stage of relapse prevention -CBT
Client learns skills to prevent relapse
In high risks there might be cues to trigger the addictive behaviour and bring stress
It’s not possible to avoid these situations but it it’s important to identify these cues
What is counselling?
Counselling is a talking therapy where a trained therapist provides a space to listen to you and help you find ways to deal with emotional issues
What topics may come up in counselling?
- relationships
- childhood
- feelings, emotions, thoughts
- behaviour
-past and present life events
What is guided self help?
This involves using self help materials from CBT
Patients learn techniques to help manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, panic attacks with the help of a practitioner
Patients will be asked to do simple in between session tasks
What is stress inoculation training (SIT)?
This is a psychological method of stress and addiction management to change the way we think about the stressors causing us to engage in that behaviour
- negative thinking= negative outcomes eg anxiety and depression
Positive thinking = positive outcomes
Define inoculation
Protecting someone from future stress
What are the three stages of Stress inoculation training?
Cognitive preparation
Skill acquisition
Application
What are the three types of social support?
- instrumental support
- emotional support
- esteem support
What is instrumental support ? + example
This is practical help ( doing something physical to help)
E.g giving money, driving to the doctors, providing information
What is emotional support + example?
Focuses on how the person is feeling rather than giving practical help
The aim is to make the stressed/ addicted person feel better by listening and empathising
It includes warmth, concern, affection and love
What is esteem support + example?
Increasing a persons sense of self worth so they feel more capable coping with their stress of addiction
You do this by expressing your own confidence in them which will then increase their confidence
What is biofeedback?
A method of stress management which deals with the body’s response to stress (heart rate) and turns them into signals that an individual can control by applying techniques of relaxation
What are the three stages of biofeedback?
- awareness and physiological feedback
- relaxation training and control
- transfer
How is rational non-adherence a reason for non adherence?
Some people choose non adherence after cost benefit analysis ( pros and cons)
Although the benefit is that taking medicine will reduce symptoms of illness
The costs are:
The side effects, the financial barriers and the relationship between the patient and the doctor
How is stress a reason for non-adherence?
- people who are stressed are less likely to adhere to medical advice as they have a small perceived ability to cope
-stress interferes with memory
-stress makes people anxious and forgetful
How is learned helplessness a reason for non adherence?
People who have developed learned helplessness don’t try to help themselves even when presented an opportunity to do so
E.g going to the doctor getting a medicine that does not work and not going back to get a different one
this may be because they feel frustrated and think nothing will help
they feel helpless and give up meaning they do not adhere to the medical advice as they think it is pointless.
How is lack of support a reason for non adherence?
People are less likely to adhere to medical advice if there is no support
Lack of support from friends and family:
Lack of practical and emotional support
Lack of support from health professionals:
Lack of Practical and emotional support
What methods can be used to improve adherence?
- improving health education
- reduction of perceived threats
- lifestyle changes
Behavioural changes
