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c1500-1700 Flashcards

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1
Q

What crimes against the person occurred in early modern England?

A

the increase of street criminals and petty thieves

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2
Q

What crimes against property increased in Early Modern England?

A

poaching, as more landowners restricted those who could hunt on their land.

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3
Q

What crimes against authority increased in Early Modern England?

A

heresy and treason

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4
Q

what change in society led to an increase in crimes against person

A

increase in population and decline of feudalism led to higher unemployment.

this meant more people moved to urban areas in the search of work, so towns and cities grew

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5
Q

what change in society led to an increase in crimes against the property

A

the end of feudalism and new farming methods led to enclosure of land

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6
Q

what change in society led to an increase in crimes against authority

A

changes in people’s religious beliefs and the religion of the monarch

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7
Q

what year did Hersey first become a crime in?

A

1382

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8
Q

why did Hersey first become a crime in 1382?

A

both the church and monarch felt threatened by different beliefs. it became a crime against authority and was usually punished by burning at the stake

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9
Q

define treason

A

the crime of plotting or acting to overthrow or harm the ruler or country

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10
Q

define hersey

A

the crime of having religious beliefs that were different to the official religion of the country

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11
Q

why were treason charges more common in this period?

A

because there was more disputes about who should rule.

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12
Q

why were heresy charges more common in this period?

A

because the official religion of the country kept changing from catholic to protestant

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13
Q

Who decided who was guilty or innocent of heresy?

A

important members of the clergy who were both catholic and protestant played a role in charing people with heresy and also judging wether they were guilty or not.

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14
Q

how did heresy and treason become interlinked?

A

as monarchs became the head of the church, heresy and treason became interlinked

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15
Q

what is a vagrant?

A

an unemployed homeless person

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16
Q

name some new crimes in early modern England?

A

vagabondage
smuggling
witchcraft

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17
Q

what year where the poor laws est.

A

1601

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18
Q

what year was the vagrancy act est.

A

1547

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19
Q

what year was the vagabonds and beggars act est.

A

1597

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20
Q

what year was the act for the relief of the poor est.

A

1597

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21
Q

describe the vagrancy act 1547

A

the able-bodied without work for more than three days were branded with the letter V and sold as a slave for two years

this act was repealed as it was impossible to enforce

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22
Q

describe the poor laws of 1601

A

the deserving poor were given poor relief by the local parish; the undeserving poor could be branded whipped or sent to a correction house

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23
Q

describe the vagabonds and beggars act of 1494

A

vagabonds were put in stocks for three days and nights. then they were sent back to where they were born or were most well known

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24
Q

describe the act for the relief of the poor 1597

A

this split vagrants into two categories:
the deserving poor - elderly and disabled
the underserving poor - those who are fit for work

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25
Q

why did the crime of smuggling increase dramatically in the early modern period?

A

import tax was introduced on goods such as brandy and tea. people wanted to avoid this

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26
Q

what was smuggling?

A

this is where people bring goods into the country secretly to avoid paying import tax and then sell on it.

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27
Q

what type of crime is smuggling and how did society view it?

A

. social crime
. people did not view this crime as serious or a threat and this made it very difficult to enforce

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28
Q

why was there an increase in the number of vagrants ?

A

due to an increase in population falling wages and rising food prices

also there was no system to help the needy especially after the closure of monasteries

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29
Q

what year did the monasteries close?

A

1536

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30
Q

how did the public treat vagrants and how were they viewed?

A

. viewed as lazy and responsible for their own problems

. hated and feared by settled population

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31
Q

how was witchcraft viewed in medieval times

A

it was seen as a minor crime and dealt with by church courts

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32
Q

how was witchcraft dealt with during the early modern period

A

new laws against witchcraft were passes and this made it a very serious offence because people saw it as harmful and many people were scared of it.

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33
Q

what years were the new laws passed against witchcraft in the early modern period

A

1542
1563
1604

34
Q

in 1542 what did Henry VIII change in terms of dealing with witchcraft

A

he made witchcraft punishable by death

35
Q

in 1563 how did Elizabeth I change laws that dealt with witchcraft?

A

charges of witchcraft had to be tried in a common court

36
Q

in 1604 how did James I change laws to do with witchcraft

A

instructed the death penalty to be given to people summoning evil spirits

37
Q

what was an important factor for changes in law enforcement?

A

the increasing size of the populations of towns

38
Q

did the role of the church increase or decrease in early modern law enforcement?

A

decreased

39
Q

what was a continuity in community methods of law enforcement?

A

people were expected to raise and join the hue and cry to catch criminals when a crime took place

40
Q

was there a police force and was crime dealt with effectively nationally?

A

there was no national police force and the methods and effectiveness of preventing crime and catching criminals varied across the country

41
Q

describe the role of the watchmen

A
  1. carried a lamp to light their way
  2. rang a bell to alert people
  3. overseen by a town constable
42
Q

what times did the watchmen patrol the streets at?

A

between 10pm and dawn

43
Q

who was expected to volunteer for the role of the watchman and was this a paid role?

A

it was an unpaid role
all householders that were male

44
Q

describe the role of town constables

A
  1. employed by authorities in towns
  2. respected members of society
  3. helped with town administration
45
Q

who were town constables in charge of?

A

in charge of the watchmen in their area

45
Q

what did town constables have the power to do?

A

arrest suspects and take them to the justices of peace

45
Q

what year did church courts stop trying criminals

A

1576

46
Q

which crimes did Edward VI make exempt from benefit of the clergy

A

serious crimes such as murder

46
Q

which monarch made serious crimes exempt from benefit of the clergy

A

Edward VI

47
Q

what types of crimes could church courts try?

A

moral ones

48
Q

where was everyone now tried?

A

so everyone including clerics were tried in secular courts

49
Q

but did benefit of the clergy still exist at all?

A

people could still claim benefit of the clergy and receive more lenient sentences than others

50
Q

who abolished sanctuary and what year was this?

A

in 1623, James I

51
Q

How did Henry VIII change sanctuary?

A

stopped exile abroad for those claiming sanctuary. instead they had to keep to designated sanctuary’s in England

52
Q

what years did the witch-hunts take place in?

A

1645 to 1647

53
Q

what was used for evidence of witchcraft?

A

. unusual marks on ones body
. witness accounts
. when thrown in water floats
. confessions
. possessed children acting as accusers
. if two proven witches swear the accused is a witch

54
Q

what influential book was written about witchcraft and who was it written by

A

James I
‘Demonologie’

55
Q

what was demonologie about?

A

outlines James I’s belief in witches and how they should be found and tried

he was very superstitious and encouraged witch hunts

his ideas will still around long after his death in 1625

56
Q

give some reasons for the intensity of the 1645-47 witch-hunts

A

. social changes
. lack of authority
. economic issues
. religious change
. influence of individuals

56
Q

Explain economic problems in terms of the reasons for the intensity of the witch-hunts

A

the civil war and poor harvests caused huge economic problems, people looked for scapegoats

57
Q

Explain social changes in terms of the reasons for the intensity of the witch-hunts

A

the war left many women widowed or on their own as their husbands went to fight. also there was more strangers around as people travelled with the armies or searches for work

58
Q

Explain lack of authority in terms of the reasons for the intensity of the witch-hunts

A

civil war weakened the control of local authorities. in some areas law and order collapsed completely

59
Q

Explain religious change in terms of the reasons for the intensity of the witch-hunts

A

religious differences were increased by the civil war. many puritans on the side of parliament believed that witchcraft was being used by royalists, some of whom were catholic

60
Q

Explain influence of individuals in terms of the reasons for the intensity of the witch-hunts

A

since 1603, James I had promoted witch-hunting. people like Mathew Hopkins stirred up fears of witches through their writings, as well as actually taking part in witch hunts themselves

61
Q

who was Matthew Hopkins employed by?

A

Employed by a JP to find witches in Essex and East Anglia

62
Q

What did Matthew Hopkins help to do?

A

To stir up mass panic and fear of witches during the years 1645-47 through his prosecutions and pamphlets

63
Q

What did Hopkins do to get confessions?

A

he used torture to extract confessions which often included the names of other witches for him to investigate

64
Q

what did Hopkins get each time he prosecuted a witch

A

he received money for each person prosecuted being a witch

65
Q

what were the mathematically estimations of Hopkins work?

A

it is estimated that his work led to around 300 people being investigated for witchcraft, with 112 of these hanged

66
Q

what were witch hunts?

A

when people actively tried to discover witches

67
Q

what did the witch hunts occur during?

A

the English civil war (1642-51) which was a period of great upheaval

68
Q

where did most of the witch hunts takes place

A

they were concentrated particularly in the east of England

69
Q

what was the male to female ratio during the witch hunts

A

hundreds of women and a few men, mostly clergymen were investigated

70
Q

how were convicted witches punished

A

they were executed, usually by hanging

71
Q

what were the most common forms of punishment in the early modern period?

A

capital and corporal

72
Q

what were the main purposes of punishments at the time?

A

deterrence and retribution

73
Q

name some continued punishments?

A

. hanging
. burning
. fines
. pillory or stocks, flogging or maiming

74
Q

what did fines continue to punish?

A

minor crimes

75
Q

what was burning used to punish?

A

heresy

76
Q

what was capital punishment used to punish

A

crimes such as theft, murder, poaching, witchcraft and smuggling

77
Q

name two changes to punishment in early modern England

A

The Bloody Code
transportation to North America

history (4 decks)

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