C14 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Fossil fuel examples

Answer 1

Coal, natural gas, petroleum

Question 2

What do fossil fuels produce when combusted

Answer 2

carbon dioxide

Question 3

Methane

Answer 3

The main constituent of natural gas

Question 4

Petroleum

Answer 4

a mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 5

How is petroleum separated?

Answer 5

by fractional distillation

Question 6

Use of refinery gas

Answer 6

Heating and cooking

Question 7

Uses of gasoline

Answer 7

As fuel/ petrol for cars

Question 8

Uses of diesel oil/ gas oil

Answer 8

for fuel in diesel engines

Question 9

Crude oil

Answer 9

A mixture of hydrocarbons found in the ground, made from the preserved remains of sea creatures

Question 10

Organic chemistry

Answer 10

The study of the chemistry of carbon compounds

Question 11

Hydrocarbons

Answer 11

Compounds made from only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Question 12

Graphical formula

Answer 12

Displays all atoms and bonds displayed in a molecule

Question 13

Branched chain

Answer 13

An arrangement of hydrocarbons involving a branch of carbons

Question 14

Saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 14

A hydrocarbon which only contains carbons which are singly bonded together- alkanes

Question 15

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 15

A hydrocarbon which contains at least one double bond between carbons- alkenes

Question 16

Homologous series

Answer 16

a family of chemicals with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

Question 17

Refining

Answer 17

Purifying oil compounds involving distillation

Question 18

Distillation

Answer 18

Separating chemicals on the basis of their different boiling points

Question 19

Fractions

Answer 19

The different mixtures obtained from fractional distillation

Question 20

Catalytic cracking

Answer 20

Breaking up alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes in a random way in the presence of a catalyst

Question 21

Complete combustion

Answer 21

When the oxygen is in excess

Question 22

Polymerization

Answer 22

Joining of many small molecules (monomers) to form one large molecule (polymer)

Question 23

Thermosetting

Answer 23

A polymer which once made cannot easily be moulded into a different setting

Question 24

Thermoplastic

Answer 24

A polymer which can easily be remoulded into a different shape

Question 25

Test for alkane or alkene

Answer 25

Use bromine water Alkanes- no reaction Alkenes- turns from yellow to colorless

Question 26

Alkanes

Answer 26

Hydrocarbons that are unreactive except for in combustion- bc they are saturated, with C-C single bonds.

Question 27

Alkanes formula

Answer 27

CnH2n+2

Question 28

Alkenes

Answer 28

Hydrocarbons that are more reactive than alkanes. They are saturated with at least one C=C double bond

Question 29

Alkenes formula

Answer 29

CnH2n

Question 30

The formation of coal process

Answer 30

1) Trees growing in muddy deltas 2) Trees die, fall over and partly decompose to make peat 3) Peat is buried with mud and sand due to the sea flooding the delta. The whole area sinks under the weight of the sediment 4) Heat and pressure underground drive off hydrogen, oxygen and some carbon as methane and water 5) After millions of years, the peat becomes coal 6) More trees grow on top of the layers of peat

Question 31

The formation of oil process

Answer 31

1) Marine organisms die and sink to bottom of the sea 2) Growing sediments of mud in water bury the remains. Very little oxygen- normal decay incomplete 3) Remains buried by many layers of sediment. Underground pressure and heating turn remains into oil 4) Pressure on the rock forced out the oil, which rises to the surface- less dense than water 5) Folding/faulting created structures to collect oil

Question 32

Fractional distillation of crude oil- fractions from bottom to top

Answer 32

``` BOTTOM 1) Bitumen/ tar 2) Fuel oil 3) Lubricating oil 4) Diesel 5) Kerosene/ paraffin 6) Petrol/ gasoline 7) Petroleum gases/ natural gas TOP ```

Question 33

Bitumen properties and uses

Answer 33

very thick residue with the highest melting point. Used for roads

Question 34

Refinery/ petroleum/ natural gas properties and uses

Answer 34

Burns easily, lowest melting point. Can be liquefied under pressure. Used for bottled gas, for camping stoves

Question 35

Diesel/ gas oil properties and uses

Answer 35

More difficult to vaporize than petrol and kerosene. Used as fuel for heavy vehicles, e.g lorries, buses, taxis

Question 36

Fuel oil properties and uses

Answer 36

Very thick dark liquid that needs to be sprayed as fine droplets to burn. Used as fuel for ships, power stations and machinery

Question 37

Kerosene/ paraffin properties and uses

Answer 37

Liquid fuel, used in jet fuel

Question 38

Petrol/ gasoline properties and uses

Answer 38

Runny liquid that is easily vaporised. Used as petrol in cars

Question 39

Do longer molecules have higher or lower boiling points

Answer 39

Higher, as more energy is needed to separate the molecules

Question 40

How to make alcohol

Answer 40

Add steam to an alkene E.g Water + Ethene-> ethanol H20+ C2H4-> C2H5OH

Question 41

Addition reactions

Answer 41

breaking the double bond between the carbon atoms and adding molecules together

Question 42

Condensation polymerization

Answer 42

Where the monomers are different, and a small molecule (usually water) is produced. E.g monomer A releases a H atom and monomer B releases a OH atom and they form to make H2O

Question 43

Monomer

Answer 43

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical monomers to make a polymer

Question 44

Macromolecule

Answer 44

large molecules built from monomers

Question 45

Examples of macromolecules

Answer 45

nylon, protein, carbohydrates, fats

Question 46

Amino acids

Answer 46

Organic compounds that are polymerised to make proteins

Question 47

Why are plastics useful?

Answer 47

1) can be molded into many shapes with low heating/energy 2) properties vary- can be altered- versatile 3) not volatile- don't evaporate and react due to strong covalent bonds

Question 48

Why should we recycle plastics?

Answer 48

1) non-renewable (they're made of crude oil) 2) fills up landfills 3) won't decompose for long time 4) less energy used in recycling 5) burning releases harmful chemicals