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Chemistry session 5 > C14 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C14 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Fossil fuel examples

A

Coal, natural gas, petroleum

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2
Q

What do fossil fuels produce when combusted

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Methane

A

The main constituent of natural gas

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4
Q

Petroleum

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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5
Q

How is petroleum separated?

A

by fractional distillation

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6
Q

Use of refinery gas

A

Heating and cooking

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7
Q

Uses of gasoline

A

As fuel/ petrol for cars

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8
Q

Uses of diesel oil/ gas oil

A

for fuel in diesel engines

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9
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons found in the ground, made from the preserved remains of sea creatures

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10
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of the chemistry of carbon compounds

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11
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds made from only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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12
Q

Graphical formula

A

Displays all atoms and bonds displayed in a molecule

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13
Q

Branched chain

A

An arrangement of hydrocarbons involving a branch of carbons

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14
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

A hydrocarbon which only contains carbons which are singly bonded together- alkanes

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15
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

A hydrocarbon which contains at least one double bond between carbons- alkenes

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16
Q

Homologous series

A

a family of chemicals with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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17
Q

Refining

A

Purifying oil compounds involving distillation

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18
Q

Distillation

A

Separating chemicals on the basis of their different boiling points

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19
Q

Fractions

A

The different mixtures obtained from fractional distillation

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20
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

Breaking up alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes in a random way in the presence of a catalyst

21
Q

Complete combustion

A

When the oxygen is in excess

22
Q

Polymerization

A

Joining of many small molecules (monomers) to form one large molecule (polymer)

23
Q

Thermosetting

A

A polymer which once made cannot easily be moulded into a different setting

24
Q

Thermoplastic

A

A polymer which can easily be remoulded into a different shape

25
Q

Test for alkane or alkene

A

Use bromine water
Alkanes- no reaction
Alkenes- turns from yellow to colorless

26
Q

Alkanes

A

Hydrocarbons that are unreactive except for in combustion- bc they are saturated, with C-C single bonds.

27
Q

Alkanes formula

A

CnH2n+2

28
Q

Alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons that are more reactive than alkanes. They are saturated with at least one C=C double bond

29
Q

Alkenes formula

A

CnH2n

30
Q

The formation of coal process

A

1) Trees growing in muddy deltas
2) Trees die, fall over and partly decompose to make peat
3) Peat is buried with mud and sand due to the sea flooding the delta. The whole area sinks under the weight of the sediment
4) Heat and pressure underground drive off hydrogen, oxygen and some carbon as methane and water
5) After millions of years, the peat becomes coal
6) More trees grow on top of the layers of peat

31
Q

The formation of oil process

A

1) Marine organisms die and sink to bottom of the sea
2) Growing sediments of mud in water bury the remains. Very little oxygen- normal decay incomplete
3) Remains buried by many layers of sediment. Underground pressure and heating turn remains into oil
4) Pressure on the rock forced out the oil, which rises to the surface- less dense than water
5) Folding/faulting created structures to collect oil

32
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oil- fractions from bottom to top

A 
BOTTOM
1) Bitumen/ tar
2) Fuel oil
3) Lubricating oil
4) Diesel
5) Kerosene/ paraffin
6) Petrol/ gasoline
7) Petroleum gases/ natural gas
TOP
33
Q

Bitumen properties and uses

A

very thick residue with the highest melting point. Used for roads

34
Q

Refinery/ petroleum/ natural gas properties and uses

A

Burns easily, lowest melting point. Can be liquefied under pressure. Used for bottled gas, for camping stoves

35
Q

Diesel/ gas oil properties and uses

A

More difficult to vaporize than petrol and kerosene. Used as fuel for heavy vehicles, e.g lorries, buses, taxis

36
Q

Fuel oil properties and uses

A

Very thick dark liquid that needs to be sprayed as fine droplets to burn. Used as fuel for ships, power stations and machinery

37
Q

Kerosene/ paraffin properties and uses

A

Liquid fuel, used in jet fuel

38
Q

Petrol/ gasoline properties and uses

A

Runny liquid that is easily vaporised. Used as petrol in cars

39
Q

Do longer molecules have higher or lower boiling points

A

Higher, as more energy is needed to separate the molecules

40
Q

How to make alcohol

A

Add steam to an alkene
E.g Water + Ethene-> ethanol
H20+ C2H4-> C2H5OH

41
Q

Addition reactions

A

breaking the double bond between the carbon atoms and adding molecules together

42
Q

Condensation polymerization

A

Where the monomers are different, and a small molecule (usually water) is produced.
E.g monomer A releases a H atom and monomer B releases a OH atom and they form to make H2O

43
Q

Monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical monomers to make a polymer

44
Q

Macromolecule

A

large molecules built from monomers

45
Q

Examples of macromolecules

A

nylon, protein, carbohydrates, fats

46
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic compounds that are polymerised to make proteins

47
Q

Why are plastics useful?

A

1) can be molded into many shapes with low heating/energy
2) properties vary- can be altered- versatile
3) not volatile- don’t evaporate and react due to strong covalent bonds

48
Q

Why should we recycle plastics?

A

1) non-renewable (they’re made of crude oil)
2) fills up landfills
3) won’t decompose for long time
4) less energy used in recycling
5) burning releases harmful chemicals

Chemistry session 5 (2 decks)

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