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Chemistry C1 > C1.4-C1.7 > Flashcards

C1.4-C1.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A chemical that contains only carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths.

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3
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Formed from the remains of animals and plants in the sea that were buried under sand and rocks. Over millions of years, the heat and pressure, in the absence of air and oxygen, convert the animals and plants to oil. Reservoir rock (porous) traps the oil here. Gas is also produced.

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4
Q

What is the smallest alkane?

A

Methane

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5
Q

How many bonds does carbon and hydrogen have in an alkane?

A

Carbon-4 bonds

Hyrogen-1 bond

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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels to create energy?

A

Advantages:
Easy available- found all over the world, technology already built and running
Produce lots of energy
Stable- low chances of accidents (v something like nuclear)
Easily transported and stored
Low cost

Disadvantages:
 Greenhouse gases produced during combustion-contributes to greenhouse effect-global warming
Non-renewable
Prices rising- due to diminishing stores
Pollution- bad impact on all life
-Oil spills- bad impact on aquatic life
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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using bio fuels to create energy?

A 
Advantages:
 Easily sourced
Renewable
Sustainable
Relatively carbon neutral

Disadvantages:
Currently expensive to produce
Potential for food shortages/price of food to increase- land being used to grow raw materials for biofuels instead of food
-ethical? -fuel over food?
Potential for water shortages- uses lots of water to grow so many crops

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8
Q

What is a biofuel?

A

A fuel that comes from a biological source (anything that is living)

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9
Q

What are 2 examples of biofuels?

A

Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol

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10
Q

How are biofuels relatively carbon neutral?

A

The plants used to make biofuels absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow
When they are burnt as fuels, they release this carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere as a product of combustion
-would be carbon neutral BUT carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere during the production of machinery used to make the biofuels

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11
Q

Are most hydrocarbons in crude oil alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alkanes

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12
Q

What is the general formula for knowing the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms in an alkane?

A

H=2C+2

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13
Q

Are alkanes single or double bonded?

Does this mean that they are saturated or unsaturated?

A

Single

Saturated

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14
Q

Are alkenes single or double bonded?

Does this mean that they are saturated or unsaturated?

A

Double

Unsaturated

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15
Q

What are the first 5 alkanes?

A 
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentate
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16
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

A resource that is finite, and is being used up faster than it can be made. This means that eventually there will be no more of this resource left.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between the size of a molecule and its boiling point?

Why is this?

A

Smaller molecules- Lower boiling points
Larger molecules- Higher boiling points

The larger a molecule, the more intermolecular forces exist. The larger the amount of intermolecular forces, the more energy is needed to overcome them.

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18
Q

What 3 characteristics of hydrocarbons do we care about?

A

Boiling & condensing point
Viscosity (lower=less viscous)
Volatility-how easily something evaporates

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19
Q

Why are longer molecules less viscous and harder to pour?

A

The longer molecules get tangled more easily. (Analogy of hair/headphones)

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20
Q

When you increase the chain length of a hydrocarbon, what happens to the volatility?

Why?

A

Decreases

The longer the hydrocarbon, the harder it is for molecules to randomly evaporate.

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21
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation to separate the different sized hydrocarbons from crude oil?

A

A tall column is placed over the crude oil, with several condensers at different heights.
The crude oil is heated highly at the bottom of column, is cool by the top
Longer hydrocarbons condense nearer the bottom, and are siphoned off into their different containers
Smaller hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense higher up, the shorter they are

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22
Q

What different fuels are extracted from crude oil?

A 
Bitumen
Oil
Diesel
Kerosine
Naptha
Petrol
Refinery gas
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23
Q

What is produced from the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What is produced from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Carbon monoxide

+ particulates

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25
Q

What is the word equation of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen–water+carbon dioxide

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26
Q

What is the word equation of the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Hydrocarbon+(less) oxygen–water+carbon monoxide+carbon (particulates)

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27
Q

What is test for carbon dioxide?

A

Lime water going cloudy

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28
Q

What is the cause of acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide

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29
Q

What is acid rain?

A

Rainfall made acidic due to atmospheric pollution that causes harm to the environment, buildings and animals

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30
Q

How does acid rain occur?

A

Most hydrocarbon fuels naturally have sulfur compounds
Combustion- oxidizes to make sulfur dioxide
Dissolves in water to create an acidic solution
Cause of acid rain

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31
Q

What are some of the dangers of acid rain?

A

Causes lakes to absorb aluminium that passes through them- Makes the water toxic to aquatic creatures
Releases aluminium into the soil-Makes it hard to take up water
Erodes buildings, peels paint, makes statues look worn

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32
Q

What is meant by complete combustion?

A

When all the carbon atoms in the reaction are consumed (paired with another atom)

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33
Q

What is meant by incomplete combustion?

A

When not all the carbon atoms in the reaction are not consumed (paired with another atom)

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34
Q

How are harmful waste gases from chimney’s turned into a useful product?

A

Treated with powdered limestone
Sulfur dioxide+powdered limestone–calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate used to make plasterboard for interior walls of buildings

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35
Q

How is carbon monoxide harmful to us?

A

Binds to haemoglobin

Reduces the capacity for blood to carry oxygen- starves body of oxygen

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36
Q

What are the effects of combustion on the environment?

A 
Releases green house gases
Contributes to green house effect
Global warming
Rise in sea levels
Loss of habitat for many animals
Disturbed weather patterns
Flooding
Air pollution causes respiratory diseases
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37
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

Atmospheric carbon dioxide

Growing plants and algae use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis for food

Burning plant material releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere

38
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process where long hydrocarbons are broken up into smaller ones by breaking a carbon-carbon bond

39
Q

What are the benefits of cracking?

A

Large hydrocarbons are inefficient, hard to ignite and don’t flow easily
Smaller hydrocarbons are more useful and are in higher demand

40
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A

Fractions containing hydrocarbons
vaporized
passed over a hot catalyst
breaks chemical bonds in molecule

41
Q

What kind of chemical reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction

42
Q

What is the test for unsaturated molecules?

A

Bromine water

Orange–colourless

43
Q

What is a saturated molecule?

A

A molecule with only single bonds

44
Q

What is an unsaturated molecule?

A

A molecule with one or more double bonds

45
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

Do they have double bonds, or single?

A

Saturated

Single

46
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

Do they have double bonds, or single?

A

Unsaturated

Double

47
Q

What are the first 5 alkenes?

A 
Methene
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
48
Q

What is the formula for the number of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms in an alkene?

A

H=2C

49
Q

What are the uses for alkenes?

A 
Used to make polymers
Used to make ethanol
Can be used as fuel
Paraffin wax
Cooking
50
Q

What is a monomer?

A

One molecule on its own

51
Q

What’s a polymer?

A

Lots of monomers joined in a chain

paperclip analogy

52
Q

What’s polymerization?

A

The process of chemically reacting monomers together to form a polymer chains or 3D networks

53
Q

Where do polymers get their properties from?

A

Their structure

54
Q

What are different examples of polymers and their uses?

A

PTFE- Goretex (sweat can get through tiny holes in fabric but water can’t)
PVC-Plastic windows, gutters
LDPE-Shopping bags
HDPE-Garden furniture

55
Q

What does LDPE stand for?

A

Low density polyethene

56
Q

What does HDPE stand for?

A

High density polyethene

57
Q

Changes in what conditions resulted in the different properties of LDPE and HDPE?

A

Temperature
Pressure
Catalyst

58
Q

What are the properties of LDPE?

Why?

A

Less dense than HDPE
Flexible

Has ‘branches’ coming off of each strand- can’t get close to each other

59
Q

What are the properties of HDPE?

Why?

A

More dense than LDPE
Strong
Rigid

Has no branches- can be tightly packed in

60
Q

Do polymers break down?

A

No

61
Q

What are the three ways to dispose of polymers?

A

Landfill
Incineration
Recycling

62
Q

What are the problems with using landfills to dispose of polymers?

A

Produces unstable land- sinkholes
Eye sore
Ruins the environment in that place

63
Q

What are the problems with using incineration to dispose of polymers?

A

Burning plastic release toxic fumes

Bad for the environment

64
Q

What are the problems with using recycling to dispose of polymers?

A

Expensive

Not always the most efficient method

65
Q

What kind of molecules are the alcohols?

A

Organic

66
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

A molecule made up of
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen

67
Q

What are the first 5 alcohols?

A 
Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol
Pentanol
68
Q

What are the two ways of producing ethanol?

A

Fermentation

Hydration

69
Q

What is the process of fermentation?

Is it renewable?

A

Glucose+yeast (warm 20-30)– Ethanol+Water+Carbon dioxide

70
Q

What is the process of hydration?

Is it renewable?

A

Ethene+steam(300)+phosphoric acid(catalyst)–Ethanol

No- it uses ethene which is produced from crude oil

71
Q

What are the properties of fermentation and hydration?

A 
Fermentation:
Renewable
Batch process
Slow
Impure product
Relatively carbon neutral
Hydration:
Non-renewable
Continuous
Fast
Pure product
Uses catalyst
72
Q

What is the catalyst used in hydration?

A

Phosphoric acid

73
Q

What industry is fermentation used to produce ethanol for?

A

Drinks

74
Q

What industry is hydration used to produce ethanol for?

A

Industrial fuel

Antibacterial products

75
Q

Which is better, batch production or continuous production?

A

Continuous production

76
Q

Is vegetable oil high in saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated

77
Q

Is butter high in saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated

78
Q

What does immiscible mean?

A

Won’t mix with each other

79
Q

Are water and oil immiscible?

A

Yes

80
Q

What’s an emulsifier?

A

Food additives with a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end, that binds immiscible things together to form an emulsion

81
Q

How do emulsifiers work?

A

Emulsifiers have two ends, a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
The hydrophilic end binds to water
The hydrophobic end binds to oil.

82
Q

What is a common emulsifier?

A

Washing up liquid

83
Q

What is a common emulsion?

A

Mayonaise

84
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Turning unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated hydrocarbons

85
Q

What is the word formula of hydrogenation for ethene?

A

Ethene+Hydrogen+(Nickel catalyst + 60)–Ethane

86
Q

How are vegetable oils extracted?

A

Plant material is crushed and pressed to squeeze the oil out
If this is too difficult (sunflower oil), the plant material is dissolved in a solvent
Oil dissolved, solvent removed by distillation, impurities removed

87
Q

What are the uses of vegetable oil?

A

Fuel- biodiesel
Cooking
Food

88
Q

What are molecules of vegetable oil made of?

A

Glycerol + fatty acids

3 carbon atoms connecting to long chains of fatty acids

89
Q

What is an example of a saturated oils/fats?

A

Lard

90
Q

What is an example of an unsaturated oil?

A

Sunflower oil

91
Q

What are monounsaturated fats?

A

Fats with 1 double bond in each fatty acid

92
Q

What are polyunsaturated fats?

A

Fats that have many double bonds

Chemistry C1 (2 decks)

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