C1.1-C1.3 Flashcards
What is an atom?
The smallest particle of an element.
What is an element?
A substance made from only one type of atom.
How are elements ordered?
By atomic number.
What charge do protons have?
1+
What charge do neutrons have?
0
What charge do electrons have?
1-
What does the mass number of an element mean?
How many protons and neutrons it has.
What does the atomic number of an element mean?
How many protons it has.
What do protons and electrons have in common?
There is the same number of each in a neutral atom.
How do you calculate the number of neutrons an atom has?
Mass number-Atomic number
Why do atoms bond?
To either fill or empty their outer shells of electrons.
What is the maximum number of electrons that the first shell of an atom can hold?
2
What is the maximum number of electrons that the second shell of an atom can hold?
8
What is the maximum number of electrons that the third shell of an atom can hold?
8
How are electrons arranged in shells?
They fill up the shells of atom depending on how many of them there are, but they always fill up the shells in order.
What does it mean if an atom’s outer shell is full?
It is stable or un-reactive.
What do atoms want to do if their outer shell is not full?
Use bonding to either fill or empty these shells so that they are stable (If it takes less energy to loose the outer shell than to fill it, they will do this)
What is the 2-8-8 rule?
That elements with an atomic number number between 1-18 have a first shell filled with 2 electrons, a second with 8 and a third with 8.
What is the definition of a compound?
A substance made from two or more elements.
What are the two ways that atoms are bonded?
Ionic bonding and covalent bonding.
What types of elements are bonded using ionic bonding?
Non metal and a metal
What types of elements are bonded using covalent bonding?
Non metal and non metal
Does ionic bonding involve sharing or stealing electrons?
Stealing
Does covalent bonding involve sharing or stealing electrons?
Sharing
What is conserved in chemical reactions?
Elements and mass.
What are ions?
Charged particles.
How will an atom be charged if it looses an electron?
Positively
How will an atom be charged if it gains an electron?
Negatively
What does the row (period) that an element is in in the Periodic Table show?
Number of shells of electrons
What does the column (group) that an element is in in the Periodic Table show?
The number of electrons in its outer shell (= number of the group)
How are metal carbonates thermally decomposed?
Metal carbonates are heated strongly until they break down into simpler compounds.
What is another name for calcium carbonate?
Limestone
What are three building materials that can be produced from limestone?
Cement:
crushed limestone. powdered clay, v high heat, + calcium sulfate
Mortar:
cement,sand,water
Concrete:
cement,sand,aggregate,water
What are the properties of cement, mortar and concrete?
Cement: high compressive strength
Mortar: dries fast, strong, durable
Concrete: strong, canbe brittle
What are some of the uses of limestone?
Building material- strong, durable, inexpensive, attractive Manufacture of iron Cement Mortar Concrete
What does the thermal decomposition of metal carbonates produce?
CO2 and a metal oxide
What is lime water a good indicator for?
CO2 being present
What are the advantages and disadvantages of quarrying?
Advantages:
Will provide jobs for local area, money from those people would be spent locally-helps local income, useful materials are extracted
Disadvantages:
Noise pollution, interfere with locals and wildlife
What is a displacement reaction?
Where a more reactive metal steals ions from a less reactive metal.
What is lost and gained in an oxidation reaction?
+ oxygen
- electrons
What is lost and gained in a reduction reaction?
- oxygen
+ electrons
What is a metal ore?
A rock where metals are within a compound.
What are the main ores of sodium and aluminium? What are the main compounds within these?
Rock salt, sodium chloride
Bauxite, aluminium oxide
What are 5 uses of aluminium?
Air crafts, window frames, food/drink cans, foil, saucepans.
What are 5 uses of titanium?
Air crafts, replacement joints, strengthening steel, jewellery, space craft parts.
Why are aluminium and titanium expensive?
Because they are high on the reactivity series, which means that they can’t be displaced out of their ores by carbon. This means that methods such as electrolysis are used instead, which are expensive
What are the properties of aluminium and titanium that make them good for their uses?
Low density, strong, light. Have a thin layer of their oxides on their surface- stops air and water from reacting with them.
What are the different methods of extracting metals?
Displacing them with carbon out of their ores, phytomining, bioleaching, electrolysis, smelting.
What is the process of each of the methods of extracting metals?
Phytomining:
Plant cops above areas of a low concentration of a metal
the plant absorbs it through their root systems as they grow
crops are harvested and burnt to produce ash that contains metal
Bioleaching:
Bacteria absorbs small amount of metal compound
produce solutions (LEACHATES), which will contain metal
Electrolysis:
Electricity passed through metal compounds to break them into simpler substances
Smelting:
Heat metal ores in a furnace with certain ingredients
extracts high concentrations of metals
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method of extracting metals?
Phytoming: \+ Relatively carbon neutral Cheap - Takes time Uses space that could be used to grow food Only works with small concentrations
Bioleaching:
+ Clean
- Only works with very small quantities of metals
Electrolysis: \+ Produces pure metals Produces large quantities of metals - Expensive Uses lots of electricity
Smelting:
+ Produces high concentration of metals
- Releases fumes that contribute to the greenhouse effect– very bad for the environment
How can copper be extracted from its ore?
By heating it with carbon
Why can copper be extracted from its ore by carbon?
Because carbon is higher on the reactivity series than copper, so it can displace copper from its ore.
What are the impacts of copper mining on the environment?
The mining of copper produces harmful substances, e.g sulfuric acid
Mining has negative impacts on the environment around it- ruining habitats, noise pollution etc.
Two main diseases that miners of copper suffer from- Wilson’s disease & Menkey’s disease
How is iron extracted?
In a blast furnace
Iron ore (e.g haematite),coke+limestone
Heated highly
Produces waste gases, molten slag and molten iron
What is the main ore of iron?
Haematite
What is an alloy?
A mixture of 2 elements, 1 of which is a metal
Often have diff. properties to the original metal
What is a common alloy that uses lead and tin?
What is it used for?
Solder
Joining metals
What is a common alloy that uses copper and zinc?
What is it used for?
Brass
Hinges and electrical plugs
What is a common alloy that uses iron and ?
What is it used for?
Steel
What are the properties of transition metals?
Good conductors of heat Good conductors of electricity Easily bent out of shape High melting point (except for mercury) High density Generally hard and tough
What are some uses of iron?
What properties make iron ideal for its uses?
Building materials, tools, vehicles
Strong, hard, dense, conducts electricity and heat
What are some uses of copper?
What properties make copper ideal for its uses?
Electrical cables, water pipes
Unreactive, malleable, excellent conductor of electricity and heat.
What are some uses of nickel?
What properties make nickel ideal for its uses?
Coins, forming alloys with different elements that are corrosion-resistant
Hard, malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant.
