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IB BIOLOGY > C1.3 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

C1.3 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

how is light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds?

A

it is converted via photosynthesis

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2
Q

define photosynthesis

A

the production of carbon compounds in cells from inorganic molecules using light energy and releasing oxygen

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3
Q

what are three reasons why living organisms need energy for cell activities?

A
  1. metabolic reactions (reactions don’t occur automatically, they need energy)
  2. transport (moving substances across membranes)
  3. mechanical work (moving muscles)
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4
Q

what is sunlight?

A

it is the principal energy source in most ecosystems

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5
Q

State the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A
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6
Q

Outline the source of the atoms used to form glucose during photosynthesis

A

During photosynthesis, the atoms used to form glucose come from carbon dioxide and water

  • The carbon atoms in glucose come from carbon dioxide
  • The hydrogen atoms in glucose come from water
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7
Q

Define photolysis

A

the process of splitting water molecules using light energy during photosynthesis

  • it releases oxygen
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8
Q

State the source of the oxygen produced as a by-product in photosynthesis

A

Oxygen in photosynthesis is a by-product from splitting water molecules

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9
Q

where does photosynthesis happen in cells?

A

in chloroplasts

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10
Q

how could you increase the rate of photosynthesis in plants?

A
  • increase water
  • increase carbon dioxide
  • increase light
  • increase temperature

but all to a CERTAIN POINT

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11
Q

structure of the chloroplast?

A
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12
Q

Outline the process of separating pigments using chromatography

A
  1. Crush leaves using propanone/acetone to dissolve pigment out
  2. Place spot of pigment solution at the bottom of the chromatography paper
  3. Dip it in solvent
  4. As solvent passes through, it will separate out the pigments into different layer as they travel at different rates across the paper
  5. Calculate the Rf value
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13
Q

Identify pigments that result from chromatography by color and calculated Rf value

A

you can identify pigments that result from chromatography by color and calculated Rf value by comparing the Rf value to known published values

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14
Q

how to calculate Rf value?

A

distance traveled by the component / distance traveled by the solvent

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15
Q

State the range of wavelengths that fall within the visible spectrum

A

400 to 700 nanometers (nm)

  • violet has the shortest wavelength (380~450nm)
  • red has the longest wavelength (620~750nm)
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16
Q

Outline the function of pigments

A

pigments = colored materials that absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light

  • these pigments give things their color
17
Q

State the primary and accessory pigments found in chloroplasts

A
  • primary = green
    (they look green BC they reflect green light while absorbing other lights)
  • accessory = carotenoids
    (they help to maximize the rate of photosynthesis by absorbing other wavelengths)
18
Q

why do most plants look green?

A

because they reflect green light and absorb other lights

19
Q

Sketch the chlorophyll pigment absorption spectrum

(including both wavelengths and colours of light on the X-axis)

A
20
Q

Compare and contrast the action spectrum and absorption spectrum

A

an absorption spectrum shows the wavelengths of light that a pigment absorbs

an action spectrum shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light (good for showing which wavelengths are most efficient for photosynthesis)

  • similarity = both graphs have two main peaks (one in the blue-violet region, one in the red region)
21
Q

Explain the shape of the curve of the photosynthesis action spectrum

A

the shape is characterized by two peaks and a trough

  • the peaks indicate the wavelengths that chlorophyll and accessory pigments absorb most efficiently
  • the trough represents green light
22
Q

Outline a technique for calculating the rate of photosynthesis by measuring oxygen production

A
  • you can use a water plant
  • it ensures that the oxygen produced as a result of photosynthesis can be counted as bubbles OR in a measuring cylinder / gas syringe
23
Q

Define “limiting factor”

A

it is a factor that restricts the rate of a reaction when present in a low amount

24
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • temperature
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide concentration
25
Q

Explain how temperature limits the rate of photosynthesis

A

it limits by impacting the frequency of successful enzyme-substrate collisions

  • At low temp: LOW respiration rate, insufficient kinetic energy for collision (limiting factor)
  • At too high temp: LOW respiration rate, so enzymes denature and loose functionality
26
Q

Explain how light intensity limits the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • Light intensity = required for the photoactivation of pigments and production of ATP
  • Increasing intensity = high rates of photosynthesis until all pigments are photo-activated (results in plateau)
  • too little light intensity = not enough sunlight means the plant can’t photosynthesize as fast / as much (limiting factor)
27
Q

Explain how carbon dioxide concentration limits the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • increasing = higher rates of photosynthesis until all enzymes are saturated
  • not enough carbon dioxide: photosynthesis may not be able to occur since carbon dioxide is a key reactant (limiting factor)
28
Q

Identify:

  • manipulated (independent)
  • responding (dependent)
  • controlled variables

in experiments testing limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis

A

Independent: light intensity, carbon dioxide conc, temp

Dependent: rate of photosynthesis

Control: plant species, pH, water availability

28
Q

Outline techniques for measuring the rate of photosynthesis while manipulating either temperature, light intensity, or CO2 concentration

A
  • Temp: running a process in a water bath or chiller
  • Light intensity: Regulated by controlling distance of light
  • CO2 concentration: Using baking soda tablets
29
Q

State the source of atmospheric carbon dioxide beyond the historical average of about 300 ppm

A

source = Anthropogenic activities (Humans)

30
Q

Compare enclosed greenhouse and FACE experiments

A

Enclosed Greenhouse:

  • Carbon levels can be artificially increased by adding co2 from tanks
  • Acts as a closed system, allowing for controlled variables (temp and light)
  • Conditions don’t reflect those in natural environment
  • Only houses small plants

FACE:

  • FACE = free air CO2 enrichment
  • Placement of pipes emit CO2 around experimental area
  • CO2 flow monitored by sensors, allows for adjustments
  • Represents open system
  • Certain conditions can not be controlled (sunlight)
31
Q

List the questions that are addressed in carbon dioxide enrichment experiments

A
  • How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?
  • How can we predict future plant growth and photosynthesis?
  • How will carbon dioxide enrichment impact ecosystems?
  • How can carbon dioxide enrichment impact food security?

IB BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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