C1.2 Cell Respiration Flashcards
Describe the structure of ATP
- ATP is structurally similar to Adenine, BUT has 2 additional phosphate groups
ATP consists of 3 phosphate groups, ribose, + adenine
what is ATP?
- ATP = Adenosine triphosphate
- ATP is considered to be the energy currency in cells
- ATP = an immediate source of energy
what are the properties of ATP that make it suitable for its use as an energy currency within cells?
- Stores energy
- Small and soluble
- Releases energy on demand
- Releases an inorganic phosphate group
what are some cellular processes that require the use of ATP?
- intracellular signaling
- DNA and RNA synthesis
- active transport
- muscle contraction
Describe the ATP-ADP cycle
(including the relative amount of energy and the roles of hydrolysis and phosphorylation)
- ATP-ADP cycle = a biochemical process that provides cells with a constant supply of energy
step 1 Hydrolysis:
ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate through a reaction that releases energy
step 2 Phosphorylation:
ADP is recharged back into ATP through a process that adds a phosphate group to ADP. This process requires energy input, which comes from cellular respiration
Why is heat generated during the ATP-ADP cycle?
Because the free energy released when ATP breaks down is lost as heat
Define cellular respiration
the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
Distinguish between cellular respiration and gas exchange
cell respiration = the release of energy from respiratory substrates
gas exchange = diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood via lungs
why must cellular respiration be continuously performed by all cells?
Cellular respiration must be continuous because it generates ATP, which they need to function and survive (via carrying out cellular processes)
List common substrates of cellular respiration
- glucose (MAIN substrate)
- fatty acids
- amino acids
- organic acids
Compare and contrast anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration
Identify the:
- manipulated (independent)
- responding (dependent)
- controlled
variation in experiments of variables affecting the rate of cell respiration
- manipulated (independent) variable = the factor that is intentionally changed
(ex. carbon dioxide levels) - responding (dependent) variable = the factor that is measured
(ex. oxygen production) - controlled variable = the factor that is held constant
(ex. temperature)
List three approaches for determining the rate of cellular respiration
by using a respirometer, you can measure:
- oxygen consumption (how much is used as a reactant)
- carbon dioxide release (how much is released as a product)
- glucose consumption
Describe three investigative techniques for measuring the effect of a variable on the rate of cellular respiration
respirometer:
- measures the rate of gas exchange + used to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration
pH changes:
- Use an indicator like bromothymol blue to indicate changes in color, which can indicate the rate of respiration
heat production:
- Use a calorimeter to measure the amount of heat produced, which can indicate the rate of respiration
phosphorylation is?
the process of adding a phosphate to a molecule
- this makes many molecules more unstable (therefore more likely to react)
- can be used to activate a molecule to be more reactive
respirometer?
