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Bio HL > C1.2 Respiration > Flashcards

C1.2 Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The controlled release of energy by enzymes from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
(usually glucose but can be other carbohydrates, proteins or lipids)

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2
Q

What is ATP? What is it used for?

A

ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate

It is used for energetic processes:
- Muscle contractions
- DNA replication
- Active transport
- Protein synthesis
- Cell signaling

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3
Q

Why is cellular respiration important?

A

All organisms respire.
Without ATP organisms wouldn’t have energy and they would die.

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4
Q

Types of respiration:

A
  1. Aerobic (with oxygen)
  2. Anaerobic (no oxygen)
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5
Q

Similarities of anaerobic and aerobic respiration:

A
  • create ATP
  • Use glucose
  • Intermediate compound is pyruvate
  • can happen in animals and plants
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6
Q

Differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration:

A
  • Only glucose can be used as a substate in anaerobic (others can be used in aerobic)
  • Only stage of respiration for anaerobic is glycolysis (everything else requires o2)
  • anaerobic doesn’t produce co2 or h2o (except for alcohol fermentation which produces co2)
  • aerobic requires oxygen
  • aerobic has a MUCH larger ATP yield
  • aerobic is slower than anaerobic
  • anaerobic produces toxic by-products
  • yeast can only respire anaerobically
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7
Q

Aerobic respiration equation + overview

A

glucose + o2 = h2o + co2 + ATP
- requires o2
- net yield of around 36 ATP per glucose
- h2o and co2 are recycled/released as waste through gas exchange

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8
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation + overview:

A

Glucose = ATP + lactic acid

  • doesn’t require o2
  • in humans: used when a little bit of extra energy is needed (danger/exercise)
  • absence of o2 stops reactions after glycolysis
  • produces 2 ATP per glucose
    produces lactic acid/ethanol = toxic for body
  • regenerates NAD for glycolysis
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9
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration? Explain them

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation
    - yield of 2 x ATP
    - Pyruvate is reduced to lactate to allow for the regeneration of NADH to NAD+
    - lactate can cause burning/pain in the muscles
    - creates an o2 debt
  2. Alcohol fermentation
    - yield of 2 x ATP
    - pyruvate is converted to ethanol and co2 and are excreted after build up
    - used in bread and alcohol production
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10
Q

What do all processes do?

A

Release heat energy

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11
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

A nucleotide:
- Adenine + ribose sugar + 3 phosphates bonded together:

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12
Q

How does ATP give energy?

A

When the high energy bond between p2 and p3 is broken and reformed during hydrolysis.

Energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed (split) into ADP and phosphate,
Energy is required to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate.

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13
Q

What are the five stages of cellular respiration? Where do they all take place?

A
  1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
  2. Link reaction (matrix)
  3. Kreb cycle (matrix)
  4. Electron Transport Chain (cristae)
  5. Chemiosmosis (cristae)
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14
Q

What happens during glycolysis? What are the main stages?

A

Glucose is split into pyruvate
PLO:
1. Phosphorylation
2. Lysis
3. Oxidation

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15
Q

What happens during Glycolysis?

A

IN THE CYTOPLASM:
1. Phosphorylation:
- glucose is phosphorylated (a phosphate group is added) and uses 2 x ATP
- The new molecule is unstable and will react easily
2. Lysis
- the p-glucose-p molecule is split into 2 x triosephosphates using enzymes
3. Oxidation
- the triose phosphate is oxidised
- forms 2 x pyruvate
- forms 2 x ATP per pyruvate (4 ATP per glucose)
- reduces 2 x NAD+ per pyruvate to form 2 x NADH (4 NADH per glucose)

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16
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A

For 1 glucose molecule:
2 x ATP
4 x NADH
2 x Pyruvate

17
Q

What happens during the link reaction?

A

IN THE MATRIX
Oxidative decarboxylation happens:
- the enzyme CoA picks up pyruvate as it enters the matrix
- pyruvate goes through oxidative decarboxylation
- H and CO2 are removed
- the CO2 is waste
- The hydrogen is used to oxidise NAD+ to NADH
- Produces an Acetyl group that ract with CoA
- Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb cycle

18
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A
  • 1 x NADH per pyruvate
  • 1 x Acetyl CoA per pyruvate
19
Q

What happens during the Krebs Cycle:

A

Reduces electron carriers in preparation for oxidative phosphorylation.
IN THE MATRIX:
- Acetyl is delivered by CoA and joins to oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule)
- Citrate (6 carbon) is formed
- CItrate is reduced to a 5 carbon molecule
- In the process: NAD+ is reduced to NADH and a CO2 is lost
- 5 carbon molecule is reduced again
- In the process: NAD+ is reduced to NADH and a CO2 is lost
- 4 carbon molecule is rearranged:
- In the process:
- 1 x NAD+ is reduced to NADH
- 1 x ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
- 1 x FAD+ is reduced to FADH
- electron carriers are used to deliver e- to the ETC

20
Q

What are the end products of the Krebs Cycle:

A
  • 1 x ATP
  • 1 x FADH
  • 3 x NADH
  • 2 x CO2 (C are regained when Acetyl CoA comes)
    (per cycle/pyruvate)
21
Q

What happens during the ETC and Chemiosmosis:

A

Where most of ATP production takes place.
BETWEEN CRISTAE AND MATRIX:
Electron Transport Chain: (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
- Electron carriers (NADH and FADH) cary e- to the ETC
- Oxidation/release of e- transfers them between carrier proteins which releases energy
- The energy is used to pump the H+ ions across the inter-membrane space (lost from the oxidation of NADH)
- H+ concentration gradient is created

Chemiosmosis:
- Through chemiosmosis the H+ ions are pumped back into the matrix
- The ions diffuse through ATP synthase and generates ATP
- To maintain the H+ gradient in the Cristae, O2 is the final electron acceptor and forms H2O with the H+ ions

22
Q

What are the end products of the ETC and Chemiosmosis?

A
  • 36 x ATP
  • H2O
  • NAD+ and FAD+ that return to Krebs Cycle to be reduced
23
Q

What is the role of NAD+?

A

NAD+ is an electron and Hydrogen carrier.
It delivers e- and H+ ions to the ETC to make ATP

24
Q

What type of reactions does cell respiration involve?

A

Oxidation and Reduction
OIL RIG

25
Q

What is a respiratory substrate? What are some examples? What are their advantages and disadvantages?

A

Any biological molecule that can be used in cellular respiration to form ATP

Glucose:
- vital to the body
- some cells can only use glucose for respiration (brain cells)
- anaerobic respiration can only happen with glucose

Lipids:
- is broken down into fatty acids and glucose
- very energy rich
- 3 x more energy than carbs (more H in their sturcture = more NADH = more ATP)

Proteins:
- not more useful than carbs
- used when nothing else is available?

Bio HL (10 decks)

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