B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What are organic molecule?
Molecules containing Carbon and Hydrogen
What are inorganic molecules?
Molecules without carbon or hydrogen
What chemical properties of a carbon atom allow for the formation of diverse compounds upon which life is based?
- forms up to four stable non-polar covalent bonds
- Can create large complex molecules
- Can produce chains or rings
- Forms the backbone of most organic molecules (which vary in length, structure and branching)
What are some possible functional groups carbon can bind to? Where are they found?
- Hydoxyl group – OH (alcohols)
Carboxyl group – COOH (fatty acids and amino acids)
Amine group- NH2 ( amino acids)
Phosphate group – PO42- (ATP and ADP)
What are some properties of hydrocarbons?
- Combiantion of H and C
- Stable
- Non-polar covalent bonds
- Not soluble
How are monomers joined together? How are they split apart?
Condensation reactions (water is a by product)
Hydrolysis (uses water)
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? What are the main monomers? What is the name for molecules with the same formula but different arrangements?
Monosaccharides:
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
- Ribose & Deoxyribose
The first three are all isomers of each other.
What is the name for two monosaccharides? What are their names?
Disaccharides
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Sucrose
What structures do monosaccharides usually have? Why?
Hexose: 6 carbons
(glucose, galactose, fructose)
Pentose: 5 carbons
(deoxyribose, ribose)
Monosaccharides form rings when dissolved in water.
They can also be straight lines.
Are monosaccharides soluble? Why/why not?
Soluble
They have polar hydroxyl (OH) groups:
- allow them to form h-bonds with H2O molecules
Properties of glucose:
- 2 types: alpha and beta
- soluble
- hexose
- 6 carbon ring
- used in respiration
- easily transported in the blood
- base unit for many polymers
Properties of galactose:
- isomer of glucose
- soluble
- hexose
- 6 carbon ring
Properties of fructose:
- hexose
- 5 carbon ring
- found in fruits
Properties of RNA and DNA:
- 5 carbon ring
- Pentose
- Form backbone of RNA/DNA
What is the name of the bond formed between two monosaccharides? What variations can the bond have? What is needed to form this bond (especially in polymers)
Glycosidic bond
Can be 1-4 linkages or 1-6 linkages
ATP
Name the polysaccharides:
What do the all have in common?
Cellulose
Starch:
- Amylose
- Amylopectin
Glycogen
All made of glucose
Properties of cellulose:
- Made of Beta glucose
- Only 1-4 linkages
- Only found in plants - animals can’t make it
- forms long linear chains that are connected by h-bonds (no branching)
- monomers are in alternated orientations
- form bundles called microfibrils
- high tensile strength
- used for structure NOT energy and prevents plants from bursting
- non-soluble
Properties of starch polymer(s):
- Only made by plants but can be digested by humans
- Made of alpha glucose
- used for energy storage
- Hydrophilic but to large to be soluble: doesn’t affect osmotic balances
- easy to add or remove glucose from it
- 2 variations: Amylose and Amylopectin
Properties of Amylose:
Amylose:
- Form of starch
- made of Alpha glucose
- Only 1-4 linkages - no branching
- forms a spring like structure due to non-linear bond angle
Properties of Amylopectin:
Amylopectin:
- made of Alpha glucose
- has 1-4 and 1-6 linkages
- branches off
- globular shape
- only found in plants
Properties of Glycogen:
Glycogen:
- made of Alpha glucose
- has 1-4 and 1-6 linkages
- LOTS of branching
- soluble
- compact
- varies in size
- can be made by humans and animals
- used to store glucose when not needed (mid/long term)
- doesn’t effect osmotic balance
What are glycoproteins? How are they used?
Glycoproteins are class of protein with have a carbohydrate group attached to the polypeptide chain and are found in cell membranes
They are receptor molecules and in are important in cell recognition and identification
Type of glycoprotein in blood determines your blood type.
What are lipids made of? What are their components?
Lipids are made of triglycerides:
- Fatty acids
- Glycerol
Properties of lipids:
- non-soluble
- hydrophilic
- Non-polar
- made of 1 glycerol
- Up to 3 fatty acid chains (vary in length)
What are phospholipids? What are their properties?
Lipids with 2 fatty acid chains
- phosphate group replaces the third fatty acid
AMPIPHATIC:
- The head (glycerol and po4) is hydrophilic
- The tail (fatty acids) is hydrophobic
- main component of cellular membranes
- will arrange themselves in water to remove the tails from water:
How do fatty acid chains vary?
Vary in length
Vary in structure:
Saturated: no double bonds
Monounsaturated: one double bond
Polyunsaturated: multiple double bonds
Properties of saturated and unsaturated fats:
Saturated:
- long lasting
- regular pattern
- “Bad”
- LDL (cholesterol)
- affect melting point
Unsaturated:
- Spoil quickly
- “good”
- HDL (cholesterol)
Properties of steroids:
Group of lipids:
- 4 ringed structure (non-polar)
- can pass through cellular membranes if though they aren’t soluble
What 3 ways do phospholipids organise themselves in water?
- Micelle
- Liposome
- Phospholipid Bilayer
Functions of lipids:
Structure: (phospholipids)
Hormonal signalling: (Steroids)
Insulation: (Fats serve as heat insulators)
Protection: (Triglycerides form a tissue around internal organs)
Storage of energy: (long-term energy storage source as adipose tissue)
Carbs vs Fats for energy storage:
Glucose:
- Very short term
- can be used very quickly
Glycogen:
- leftover glucose is polymerised
- mid-term storage
- easy to add or remove glucose
- heavier (stored with water)
- easier to transport
- glucose can be used for anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Lipids:
- long term storage
- lighter (stored as pure fat)
- more energy released when used
- can only be used for aerobic respiration
- hard to transport
- harder to break down
Formation of triglycerides:
Condensation reaction:
1 H2O molecule per fatty acid chain
3 for a triglyceride
