C11.1 - C11.4 - Polymers✔️

Question 1

Why are cude oils important in regard to polymers?

Answer 1

One of the most important ways that chemicals are used is to make polymers

Question 2

Explain the structure of plastics?

Answer 2

Plastics are made up of huge molecules (polymers) made from lots of smaller molecules called monomers - with different monomers you can make different polymers which will have different properties

Question 3

What do ethene monomers make?

Answer 3

Poly(ethene)

Question 4

What do propene monomers make?

Answer 4

Poly(propene)

Question 5

Explain how monomers join together through addition polymerisation to produce an addition polymer?

Answer 5

When alkene molecules join together, the double convalent bond between two carbon atoms in each molecule ‘opens up’ and is replaced by a single carbon-carbon convalent bond, this joining is repeated with thousands of carbon atoms this type of reaction is called addition polymerisation

Question 6

Equation for addition polymerisation?

Answer 6

Addition polymerisation - addition polymer

Question 7

Equation for condensation polymerisation?

Answer 7

Condensation polymerisation - condensation polymer + a small molecule

Question 8

Difference between addition and condensation polymers?

Answer 8

• addition polymerisation only has 1 product where as in condensation a small molecule is also produced

Question 9

Explain condensation polymerisation?

Answer 9

Involves monomers with two functional groups - when they react the join together, usually losing small molecules such as water and so the reactions are called condensation reaxtions

Question 10

How are polyesters formed?

Answer 10

Formed from the condensation polymerisation of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid with water given off in the reaction

Question 11

What are carbohydrates often made up of?

Answer 11

Made up of molecules containing carbon,hydorgen and oxygen atoms - with a general formula of Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ

Question 12

What do simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides) polymerise to make?

Answer 12

Polymerise to make polymers such as starch and cellulose

Question 13

Equation for two reactions with glucose monomers?

Answer 13

Glucose monomer → starch polymers + water
Glycose monomer → cellulose polymers + water

Question 14

How are proteins made?

Answer 14

Made from different amino acid monomers which also produces water - amino acids have an acidic and a basic functional group in the same molecule

Question 15

How do amino acids react to form polypeptides?

Answer 15

Amino acids react together during condenation polymerisation to make polypeptides made of long sequences of different monomers

Question 16

What is DNA?

Answer 16

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a large molecule essential for life - encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

Question 17

Structure of DNA molecules?

Answer 17

DNA molecules are two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides, in the form of a double helix - other naturally occuring polymers important for life include proteins, starch and cellulose

Question 18

What is a diol?

Answer 18

Aldohol containg two -OH groups

Question 19

What are the two functional groups of amino acids?

Answer 19

Basic - amine group, -NH₂

Acidic - carboxylic acid group, -COOH

Question 20

Equation for the formation of DNA?

Answer 20

Millions of nucleotides - DNA (a polynucleotide) + water