C11.1 - C11.4 - Polymers✔️ Flashcards
Why are cude oils important in regard to polymers?
One of the most important ways that chemicals are used is to make polymers
Explain the structure of plastics?
Plastics are made up of huge molecules (polymers) made from lots of smaller molecules called monomers - with different monomers you can make different polymers which will have different properties
What do ethene monomers make?
Poly(ethene)
What do propene monomers make?
Poly(propene)
Explain how monomers join together through addition polymerisation to produce an addition polymer?
When alkene molecules join together, the double convalent bond between two carbon atoms in each molecule ‘opens up’ and is replaced by a single carbon-carbon convalent bond, this joining is repeated with thousands of carbon atoms this type of reaction is called addition polymerisation
Equation for addition polymerisation?
Addition polymerisation - addition polymer
Equation for condensation polymerisation?
Condensation polymerisation - condensation polymer + a small molecule
Difference between addition and condensation polymers?
- addition polymerisation only has 1 product where as in condensation a small molecule is also produced
Explain condensation polymerisation?
Involves monomers with two functional groups - when they react the join together, usually losing small molecules such as water and so the reactions are called condensation reaxtions
How are polyesters formed?
Formed from the condensation polymerisation of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid with water given off in the reaction
What are carbohydrates often made up of?
Made up of molecules containing carbon,hydorgen and oxygen atoms - with a general formula of Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ
What do simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides) polymerise to make?
Polymerise to make polymers such as starch and cellulose
Equation for two reactions with glucose monomers?
Glucose monomer → starch polymers + water
Glycose monomer → cellulose polymers + water
How are proteins made?
Made from different amino acid monomers which also produces water - amino acids have an acidic and a basic functional group in the same molecule
How do amino acids react to form polypeptides?
Amino acids react together during condenation polymerisation to make polypeptides made of long sequences of different monomers
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a large molecule essential for life - encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses
Structure of DNA molecules?
DNA molecules are two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides, in the form of a double helix - other naturally occuring polymers important for life include proteins, starch and cellulose
What is a diol?
Aldohol containg two -OH groups
What are the two functional groups of amino acids?
Basic - amine group, -NH₂
Acidic - carboxylic acid group, -COOH
Equation for the formation of DNA?
Millions of nucleotides - DNA (a polynucleotide) + water
