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GCSE Chemistry > C11 - Polymers > Flashcards

C11 - Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one of the most important ways that chemicals from crude oil are used ?

A

To make polymers

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2
Q

What are polymers ?

A

long chain molecule made from lots of small molecules joined together

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

small molecules that join together to make polymers

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4
Q

What is addition Polymerisation ?

A

formation of long chain molecules from lots of small molecules joining together with no other products

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5
Q

What do ethene monomers make up ?

A

They make up the poly(ethene) polymer

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6
Q

What type of bonds do the monomers have ?

A

Covalent bonds

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7
Q

How do monomers join together in addition polymerisation ?

A

When alkene molecules join together, the double covalent bond between two carbon atoms in each molecule ‘opens up’ It is replaced by a single carbon-carbon covalent bond between the two carbon atoms. In this way, thousands of molecules join together, end to end. The polymer chains they form are made up of a ‘backbone’ of thousands of carbon atoms. This type of reaction is called addition polymerisation and the polymer formed is known as an addition polymer.

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8
Q

What is poly(ethene) used for ?

A

Low density poly(ethene):
-plastic bags
-other low strength products

Hight density poly(ethene):
-plastic bottles
-chemical and water pipes
-food storage containers
-folding chairs and tables

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9
Q

In addition polymers, why does the repeating unit have the same amount of atoms as the monomer ?

A

Because the double carbon covalent bond opens up in polymerisation and no other molecule is formed in the reaction

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10
Q

What is the difference between condensation polymerisation and addition polymerisation ?

A

In addition polymerisation, there is only one product formed in the reaction, the polymer, whereas in condensation polymerisation there are two different products. The main product is the polymer, but you usually also get a small molecule given off. The small molecule is most commonly either water, H,O, or hydrogen chloride, HCI.

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11
Q

Why in condensation polymers are there often 2 different monomers used?

A

One monomer will have a certain functional group at both ends of its molecule. The other monomer will have a different functional group at its ends. The important thing is that the functional groups on the two different monomers must react together. This is how the long polymer chains are formed.

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12
Q

How can you make a polyester ?

A

An alcohol (with the -OH functional group) and a carboxylic acid (with the -COOH functional group) react together to give an ester plus water. So to make a polyester chain, you would start with one alcohol monomer with an -OH group at each end, and another carboxylic acid monomer with a -COOH group at each end.

Then the monomers link together and the cooh and oh react and the h from the alcohol and oh from the dicarboxilic acid form water leaving us with the coo functional group (ester) and water being given off as h+oh =h2o

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13
Q

Whats the general formula to make an polyester ?

A

a diol + a dicarboxylic acid —–> a polyester + water

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14
Q

What is a diol ?

A

It is an alcohol containing 2 OH functional groups

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15
Q

What is the fume given off when two different monomers react together to form nylon ?

A

HCL (hydrogen chloride) gas

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16
Q

What’s the general formula for carbohydrates ?

A

Cx(H2O)y

17
Q

Whats the equation for glucose ?

A

C6 H12 O6

18
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

It means that it’s made from one sugar unit

19
Q

What ring structure is glucose molecules made up of ?

A

Glucose molecules are made up of a six-membered ring structure

20
Q

What ring structure is fructose made of ?

A

It has five-membered rings

21
Q

How can Monosaccharides bond together ? Give examples

A

Monosaccharides can bond together to make larger molecules. For example, sucrose is made from a glucose and a fructose molecule bonded together (via a condensation reaction in which H2O is lost when making the link).

22
Q

Monosaccharides polymerise to make polymers such as….

A

Starch and cellulose
Made from the glucose monomers joined in condensation polymerisation

23
Q

Glucose monomers make …..

A

Starch polymers + water
Or
Cellulose polymers + water

24
Q

A variety of amino acid monomers make ……

A

Protein polymers + water

25
Q

What are the monomers for protein called ?

A

Amino acids

26
Q

What are the 2 functional groups for amino acids ?

A

-the amine group NH2 (basic)
-the carboxylic acid group COOH (acidic)

27
Q

What is the simplest amino acid called ?

A

Glycine

28
Q

What is the structural formula for glycine ?

A

H2 NCH2 COOH

29
Q

What do glycine molecules form when linked together ?

A

Polypeptide molecule

30
Q

What are the 2 differences between the starch polymer and cellulose polymer ?

A

-starch is made up from up to 1500 glucose monomers arranged in branched chains
-cellulose is made up from around 10,000 glucose monomers in straighter chains than in starch

31
Q

How is a protein formed from amino acids

A

amino acids are monomers that form polymers called proteins, react via condensation polymerisation,

amino acids can react with each other to form long chains because they have two functional groups, one basic (the amine group, –NH2) and one acidic (the carboxylic acid group, –COOH),

so acid end of one amino acid reacts with basic end of next amino acid to join polymer chain,
giving off a water molecule in the process,

continues until protein is formed from a sequence of many different amino acid combinations

32
Q

How is DNA made?

A

DNA is made by the condensation polymerisation of repeating units of monomers called nucleotides so DNA is known as polynucleotide

33
Q

What is the structure of DNA ?

A

The DNA molecule consists of a double helix made up of two long polymer strands of nucleotides. The two strands run in opposite directions to each other and they are held in place by intermolecular forces

34
Q

How many different monomers are found in the polymer strands of DNA?

A

4 monomers

35
Q

How many polymer strands make up a molecule of DNA ?

A

2 strands

36
Q

What does DNA stand for ?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

GCSE Chemistry (17 decks)

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