c11 - polymers

Question 1

polymerisation

Answer 1

the reaction in which small monomer units joon together to form large molecules called polymers

Question 2

two types of polymerisation

Answer 2

• addition
• condensation

Question 3

addition polymerisation

Answer 3

process in which identical monomers are added together to form a polymer via an addition reaction
- the double bond in alkene molecules open up so that they can join together to form a large polymer molecule
- the reaction is carried out under pressure in the presence of a catalyst

Question 4

monomer

Answer 4

small single unit

Question 5

polymer

Answer 5

monomers joined together

Question 6

diol

Answer 6

an alcohol with 2 OH functional groups

Question 7

dicarboxylic acid

Answer 7

a carboxylic acid containing 2 COOH functional groups

Question 8

condensation polymerisation

Answer 8

• involves monomers with two functional groups
• when the two functional groups react to join the two monomers together, small molecules such as water are lost hence the condensation
• the simplest condensation polymers are produced by using two different monomer types with two of the same functional groups with on each monomer

Question 9

what does condensation polymerisation form?

Answer 9

a polyester

Question 10

synthetic polymers

Answer 10

• polystyrene
• polyester

Question 11

examples of natural/biological polymers

Answer 11

• glycogen
• cellulose
• dna
• protein

Question 12

monosaccharides (monomers)

Answer 12

one single unit of sugar

Question 13

what is a disaccharide

Answer 13

a product of two monosaccharides via condensation polymerisation
eg. glucose + fructose -> sucrose

Question 14

how is starch formed?

Answer 14

glucose monomers join together to form starch polymers
starch is an example of a polysaccharide (lots of glucose monosaccharides joined together)

Question 15

what can glucose monomers form?

Answer 15

• cellulose
• starch
• glycogen

Question 16

how is cellulose formed?

Answer 16

glucose monomers (monosaccharide) -> cellulose polymers (+H2O) (polysaccharide) via condensation polymerisation

Question 17

how are proteins formed?

Answer 17

they are natural polymers
amino acid monomers -> protein polymers + H2O
condensation polymerisation

each protein has a different combination/ order of amino acids in their PEPTIDE change eg. enzymes, hormones, collagen

Question 18

functional group of an amino acid

Answer 18

N-H-H (NH2)

Question 19

amino acids

Answer 19

• they contain two functional groups (amine and carboxyl)
• the ‘R’ is what differentiates different amino acids

Question 20

how are polypeptides formed?

Answer 20

two or more amino acids are joined by condensation polymerisation to form polypeptides (proteins)

Question 21

what is DNA made up of

Answer 21

• two polymer chains
• four different monomers called nucleotides
• condensation polymerisation

Question 22

DNA

Answer 22

deoxyribonucleic acid
contains genetic instructions that allow all living organisms and viruses to function and develop

Question 23

nucleotide

Answer 23

monomers that make up DNA
deoxyribose sugar + phosphate + base (the only thing that changes)

Question 24

DNA bases and their bonding

Answer 24

the double helix ladder of a DNA molecule is held together by ‘rungs’ that are made from pairs of chemicals called bases
that is what makes up the genetic code

Question 25

four types of bases

Answer 25

A-T, C-G