c10 - organic reactions

Question 1

functional group

Answer 1

part of the molecule that is responsible for its characteristics and specific reactions

Question 2

homologous series

Answer 2

a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and chemical properties

Question 3

what is the functional group of alkenes

Answer 3

a double carbon bond (C=C) that allows it to react

Question 4

combustion of alkenes

Answer 4

• burns with a smokier, yellow flame (compared to alkanes) due to a shortage of oxygen
• incomplete combustion unlike alkanes
• release energy per mole in combustion so aren’t very good fuels

Question 5

addition reaction

Answer 5

a chemical reaction wherein two or more reactants come together to form a larger single product

Question 6

halogenation

Answer 6

• alkenes are unsaturated so they have double bonds, which can break
• after the bond is broken, it can then bond to another atom - in this case a HALOGEN

Question 7

hydrogenation

Answer 7

-alkenes are unsaturated so we can add more hydrogen to make them saturated (an alkane)
- makes use of a (nickel) catalyst at 60 degrees

Question 8

hydration

Answer 8

• conditions: high temp, pressure and a catalyst (concentrated phosphoric acid)
• water molecule splits to become H and OH which then goes on to bond to the alkene
• ethanol (and other alcohols) can be made from the hydration of ethene (and other alkenes)

Question 9

test for an alkene

Answer 9

ethene + bromine water (brown/orange) -> dibromoethane (clear)
^ because all the bromine has been used up

Question 10

functional group of an alcohol

Answer 10

O-H bond

Question 11

benefits of hydrogenation

Answer 11

• increases melting point

Question 12

uses of alcohols:

Answer 12

• can be used as a fuel
• to sterilise equipment (alcohol makes it evaporate very quickly)
• solvents
• drinks

Question 13

general formula for alcohols

Answer 13

CnH2n+1OH
- all alcohols end with ‘-anol’

Question 14

functional group of carboxylic acids

Answer 14

COOH

Question 15

general formula for carboxylic acid

Answer 15

CnH2n+1COOH

Question 16

first four alcohols

Answer 16

methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

Question 17

first four carboxylic acids

Answer 17

methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic
- always ends in ‘-oic’

Question 18

ester

Answer 18

formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid (condensation reaction)

Question 19

functional group of an ester

Answer 19

COO

Question 20

carboxylic acid

Answer 20

when an alcohol is oxidised