C11- Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Functional group
Explain what is is
The part of an organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
Homologous series
Group of chemical compounds, with a trend in viscosity/ flammability where each subsequent member varies with addition of CH2 of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched chains
not aromatic
Alicyclic
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a ring ( cyclic0 structure, with or without branches
Aromatic
Some or all of the carbon atom s are found in a benzene ring
General formula
Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
Molecular formula
Vs
Empirical formula
Molecular-
Number and type of atoms present in a molecule
Empirical-
Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
Displayed formula
Relative position of all atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
Structural formula
Smallest amount of detail necessary to show arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Structural isomers
Compounds with same molecular but a different structural formula
Isomer of an alkene
alternative
Cycloalkane
C5H10= pentene and cyclopentane
Functional groups
Carboxylic acid
COOH
Suffix= -oic acid
On the END of a chain
OH I C=O
Functional groups
Alkene
C=C
Suffix= -ene
Anywhere along the carbon chain
Functional group
Aldehyde
-CHO
Suffix= -al
END of chain
Functional group
Alcohol
-OH
Prefix= Hydroxy-
Used only when the suffix of a compound has been used to
represent another functional group
Suffix= ol (default)
Functional group
Ketone
-C=O
In the MIDDLE of the carbon chain
suffix= one
dione
Functional group
haloalkane
-CL -Br -I
Prefix= Chloro, bromo, Iodo
Chain isomerism
Different carbon chains
Positional isomerism
Functional groups in different positions
Functional group isomerism
The same chemical formula but different functional groups
Tends to be alcohol then ether
Why can carbon form a large number of compounds?
3
Forms single, double and triple bonds to other carbon atoms
Carbon can form chains of carbon atoms
Carbon forms bonds to other atoms such as oxygen or nitrogen
Naming aliphatic alkanes
1 All alkanes have the suffix -ane
2 Identify and name longest carbon chain
3 Identify side chains attached to parent chain (alkyl groups).
–> add these as a prefix to the parent chain
4 Add numbers before alkyl groups to show their position on the parent chain
Naming alicyclic Alkanes
1 Identify and name longest chain
2 Add prefix cylco
IUPAC naming system
Root word= number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain
Prefix e.g. cyclo
Suffix = main functional group
Naming compounds containing functional groups
1 Identify longest unbranched chains of carbon atoms
2 Identify any functional groups and alkyl side chains, select the appropriate suffixes and prefixes
3 Number Alkyl and functional groups to indicate their position on the parent chain
Nucleophile
an atom or a group of atoms that donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
Electrophile
An atom or group of atoms that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
What is the mechanism of a reaction
A model organic chemists use to represent the movement of electrons as reactants to form a new product
Mechanism
Curly arrow
Used to show the movement of a pair o0f electrons
Heterolytic fission
Bond breaks unevenly
One atom gets both e- form the bond
Forming ions
Homolytic fission
Bond breaks unevenly
Each atom gets one electron from the bond
Forms radicals
Addition reaction
Two reactants join together to form one product
Substitution reaction
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by an atom or a different group of atoms
Elimination reaction
Removal of a small molecule form a larger one
One reactant molecule forms two products
