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Chemistry > C10 - Using Resources > Flashcards

C10 - Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

How do humans use the Earth’s resources (4)

A

To provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

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2
Q

What do natural resources, supplemented by agriculture provide (4)

A
  • Food
  • Timber
  • Clothing
  • Fuels
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3
Q

What are finite resources from the earth, oceans and atmosphere processed to provide (2)

A
  • Energy

* Materials

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4
Q

What does chemistry play an important role in

A

Chemistry places an important role in improving agriculture and industrial processes to provide new products and in sustainable development

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5
Q

What is Sustainable development

A

Is development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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6
Q

Examples of natural products that are replaced by agricultural and synthetic products

A

Rubber is a natural product that can be extracted from tree sap - however man-made polymers have now been made which can replace rubber in uses such as tyres

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7
Q

Finite resources

A

Aren’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable e.g fossil fuels and nuclear fuels

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8
Q

Renewable resources

A

Reform at a similar rate to, or faster than, we use them e.g timber

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9
Q

Orders of magnitude to evaluate the significance of data

A

Check photos

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10
Q

Water of appropriate quality

A
  • Is essential for human life

* e.g for humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

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11
Q

Potable water (2)

A
  • Is water that is safe to drink

* Is not pure water in the chemical sense because it contains dissolved substances

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12
Q

What do the methods used to produce potable water depend on

A

Available supplies of water and local conditions

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13
Q

In the UK what does rain provide

A

Provides water with low levels of dissolved substances (fresh water) that collects in the ground and in lakes and rivers

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14
Q

How is most potable water produced (3)

A
  • Choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
  • Passing the water through filter beds
  • Sterilising
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15
Q

Sterilising agents (2)

A
  • chlorine

* Ozone or ultraviolet light

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16
Q

What happens if supplies of fresh water are limited

A

Desalination of salty water or sea water may be required

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17
Q

How can desalination be done?

A

Decentralisation can be done by distillation or processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis (These processes require large amounts of energy)

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18
Q

Difference between potable water and pure water

A

Pure water only contains H2O molecules and potable water contains dissolved substances making it safe to drink

19
Q

Difference in the treatment of ground water and salty water (2)

A
  • Seawater contains too much dissolved salt to make it suitable as drinking water - However, pure water can be produced from seawater by simple distillation
  • However, water produced by distillation is useful in the laboratory for dissolving substances
20
Q

Water purification - required practical (apparatus) (6)

A
  • Round bottomed flask
  • Condenser
  • Thermometer
  • Salty water
  • Bunsen burner
  • Beaker
21
Q

Water purification - required practical (method) (5)

A
  • Test pH using a pH meter and make sure that it is neutral
  • Set up the equipment (check photos)
  • As the water in flask heats up and is evaporated and will enter the condenser as steam - condenses back into liquid due to temp drop
  • Collect the water running out in a beaker
  • Retest the pH of the water to check if it’s neutral
22
Q

What do urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce

A

Large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment

23
Q

What does sewage and agricultural waste water require

A

Removal of organic matter and harmful microbes - industrial waste may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals

24
Q

What do Sewage treatments include (4)

A
  • Screening and grit removal
  • Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
25
Q

Relative ease of obtaining potable water from waste, ground and salt water

A

Not very easy as it has to undergo additional stages of treatment before safe

26
Q

Earth’s resources of metal ores

A

Are limited

27
Q

Copper ores

A

Are becoming more scarce

28
Q

new ways of extracting copper

A

from low-grade ores including Phytomining and bioleaching - these methods avoid traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

29
Q

Phytomining (2)

A
  • Uses plants to absorb metal compounds

* The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds

30
Q

Bioleaching

A

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

31
Q

How can metal compounds be processed

A

To obtain the metal - e.g copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis

32
Q

Life cycle assessments (LCAs)

A

Are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products

33
Q

Stages of life cycle assessments (LCAs)

A
  • Extracting and processing raw materials
  • Manufacturing and packaging
  • Use and operation during its lifetime
  • Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage
34
Q

What can be easily quantified

A

Use of water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes

35
Q

Why is LCA not a purely objective process

A

Allocating numerical values to pollutant effects is less straightforward and requires value judgements

36
Q

How can selective or abbreviated LCAs be devised

A

To evaluate a product but these can be misused to reach pre-determined conclusions e,g in support of claims for advertising purposes

37
Q

LCAs for shopping bags made from plastics and paper

A

Check photos

38
Q

What reduces the use of limited resources

A

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users

39
Q

What is produced from limited raw materials (5)

A
  • Metals
  • Glass
  • Building materials
  • Claw ceramics
  • Most plastics
40
Q

What does much of the energy for processes come from

A

Limited resources

41
Q

What causes environmental impacts

A

Obtaining raw materials from the Earth by quarrying and mining

42
Q

Glass bottles (2)

A
  • Can be reused

* Can be crushed and melted to make different glass products

43
Q

Metals

A

Can be recycled by melting and recasting or reforming into different products

44
Q

What does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on

A

The material and the properties required of the final product e.g some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore

Chemistry (9 decks)

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