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ATW394 Business Ethics > C1: Understanding Business Ethics > Flashcards

C1: Understanding Business Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What Is ethics?

A

Manner by how one lives one’s life according to a standard of right or wrong behaviour.

How one thinks and behave towards others and how one would like others to think and behave toward them

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2
Q

Factors that influence ethics

A

upbringing, religion, social traditions & beliefs

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3
Q

What is moral standards?

A

Principles by which judgements are made about good/bad behaviour

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4
Q

Moral standards are based on?

A

religious, cultural and philosophical beliefs

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5
Q

Culture

A

A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals

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6
Q

Value System

A

A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behaviour

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7
Q

Intrinsic value

A

a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not.

ex: happiness, health

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8
Q

Instrumental value

A

the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.

money: valued for what it can buy rather than for itself

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9
Q

Instrumental value

A

the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.

money: valued for what it can buy rather than for itself

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10
Q

Four basic categories of ethics

A
  • simple truth
  • personal integrity
  • rules of appropriate individual behaviour
  • rules of appropriate behaviour for community/society
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11
Q

Simple truth

A

may be expressed as simply doing the right thing

not all people share the your interpretation of doing the right thing

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12
Q

personal integrity

A

demonstrated by someone’s behaviour - looks at ethics from an external rather than and internal viewpoint

a person lives a life that is true to her/his moral standards

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13
Q

rule of appropriate individual behaviour

A

the idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis

in our behaviour and also our decision making

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14
Q

rules of appropriate behaviour for a community/society

A

we must eventually bring our personal value system into a world that is shared with people who will probably have both similar and very different value systems

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15
Q

The Golden Rule

A

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

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16
Q

Danger of The Golden Rule

A

Not everyone thinks, acts like you and believe in the same principles

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17
Q

Ethical Theories

A
  • Virtue ethics
  • Utilitarianism
  • Universal ethics
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18
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal.

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19
Q

Who establish virtue ethics

A

Aristotle’s

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20
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal.

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21
Q

Danger of Virtue Ethics

A

society place different emphasis on different virtue

value conflict can arises if virtues you want to achieve differ in the the society you live in

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22
Q

Utilitarianism

A

ethical choices that offer the greater good for the greatest number of people

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23
Q

Danger of utilitarianism

A

this idea justify the means

no one is accountable for the action that are taken to achieve the outcome

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24
Q

Who proposed Utilitarianism approach?

A

David Hume

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25
Q

Who attributed Universal Ethics?

A

Immanuel Kant

26
Q

Universal Ethics

A

Actions that are taken out of duty & obligation to a purely moral ideal, rather than based on the needs of the situation, since the universal principles are seen to apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time

27
Q

Danger of UE

A

no one is accountable for the consequences of the actions if we focus abiding by a universal principal

28
Q

Ethical Relativism

A

Gray area in which your ethical principles are defined by the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment

29
Q

The idea of ER

A

the idea of ethical relativism is to provide some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black and white rules.

30
Q

Applied Ethics

A

The study of how ethical theories are put into practice

31
Q

Basic assumption of Ethical theory

A

individual/community are in control of all factors thatinfluence the choice you make.

32
Q

Ethical Dilemma

A

A situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer

33
Q

Sleep test ethics

A

to tell people whether or not they have made a morally sound decision

34
Q

who founded sleep test ethics?

A

Joseph L. Badaracco Jr

35
Q

definition sleep test ethics

A

it’s an ethic of intuition

  • to follow our hearts, particularly when our mind is confused
36
Q

2 distinct approaches to ethical dilemma

A
  • Focus on the practical consequences of what we choose to do
  • Focus on the actions themselves and the degree which they were the right actions to take
37
Q

3 steps to resolve a dilemma

A
  1. Analyze the consequences
  2. Analyze the actions
  3. Make a decision
38
Q

Analyze consequences

A

who will be helped? who will be harmed? what kind of beneifts and harms. how this will look over the long run as well as the short run

39
Q

Analyze the actions

A

consider options w/o thinking the consequences. how such actions measure against moral principles. which option actions that are least problematic

40
Q

make a decision

A

take both part of analysis into account, and make a decision

41
Q

make a decision

A

take both part of analysis into account, and make a decision

42
Q

Arthur Dobrin

A

Identified 8 questions you should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma

43
Q

8 questions

A
  1. What are the facts?
  2. What can you guess about the facts that you dont know?
  3. What do the facts mean?
  4. What does the problem look like through the eyes of other people involved?
  5. What will happen if you choose on thing rather than another?
  6. What do your feelings tell you?
  7. What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another?
  8. Can you explain and justify your decision to others?
44
Q

Ethical Reasoning

A

Looking at the information available to us in resolving ethical dilemma, and drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards

45
Q

Who developed three levels of moral development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

46
Q

Stages of Ethical reasoning

A

Level 1: Preconventional
Level 2: Conventional
level 3: Postconventional

47
Q

Level 1: preconventional

A

Lowest level of moral development, a person’s response to a perception of right and wrong is initially directly linked to the expectation of punishment/reward.

48
Q

Level 1: preconventional

A

Stage 1: obedience & punishment orientation

Stage 2: Individualism, instrumentalism, and exhange

49
Q

Level 2: Conventional

A

a person continue to become aware of broader influence outside of the family

50
Q

Level 2: Conventional

A

Stage 3: “good boy/nice girl” orientation

Stage 4: law and order orientation

51
Q

Level 3: Post conventional

A

highest level of reasoning, a person makes a clear effort to define principles and moral values that reflect an individual value system rather than reflecting the group position

52
Q

Level 3: Postconventional

A

Stage 5: Social contract legalistic orientation

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation

53
Q

Stage 1: Obedience & punishment

A

a person is focused on avoidance of punishment and deference to power and authority

something right or wrong because a recognized authority figure says it is

54
Q

Stage 2: Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange

A

a person is focused on satisfying his/her own needs

something is right or wrong because it helps the person get that s/he wants/needs

55
Q

Stage 3: “good boy/nice girl”

A

a person is focused on meeting the expectations of family members

something is right or wrong because it pleases those family members

56
Q

Stage 4: law and order orientation

A

a person is increasingly aware of his membership in a society and the existence of codes of behaviour

something is right or wrong because codes of legal, religious or social behaviour dictate it

57
Q

Stage 5: Social contract legalistic orientation

A

A person is focused on individual rights and the development of standards based on critical examination

something is right or wrong because it has withstood scrutiny by the society in which the principle is accepted

58
Q

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation

A

a person is focused on selfchosen ethical principles that are found to be comprehensive and consistent

Something is right or wrong because it reflects that person’s individual value system and the conscious choices one makes in life.

59
Q

Kohlberg argues

A

a person could not jump beyond the next stage of one’s six stages.

it’s impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues and dilemmas at a level so far beyond one’s life experience and education

60
Q

Assumptions of resolution of dilemma

A

there will always be an acceptable answer - whether or not you can arrive at the outcome you can live with

ATW394 Business Ethics (4 decks)

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