C1 The biology of dyspepsia 1: organs, tissues and cells Flashcards
What are the four basic types of tissues?
1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) nervous tissue
4) muscle tissue
What is the function of the epithelial cell?
separate one compartment of the body from another, maybe specialised for secretion
What is the function of the connective tissue?
structural role, main type of cells are fibroblasts, fatty connective (adipose) tissue, blood vessels
What is the function of the nervous tissue?
sensory and motor signals
What is the function of the muscle tissue?
role in support and movement
What is the main components of the epithelium?
1) epithelial cells
2) basement membrane (fibrous proteins)
3) extracellular matrix (fibrous proteins, polysaccharides)
4) mast cell (histamine granules)
5) fibroblast
6) vasculature (lined by endothelial cells)
What are basement cells?
mesh like structure of fibrous protein
main component laminin
anchors endothelial and epithelial cells to connective tissues
barrier of particles and large macromolecules
What are extracellular matrix: hyaluronan?
made of glycan (polysaccharide)
major comment of the extracellular matrix
medical uses are osteoarthritis
What are extracellular matrix: collagen?
major component of extracellular matrix
triple helix
medical uses are cosmetic and reconstructive surgery, drug delivery gels
What are the three different epithelial cells called?
1) simple epithelium
2) stratified epithelium
3) specialised epithelial cells
What are simple epithelium cells? Give examples
single layer of cells, cuboid, columnal
examples- stomach, intestines
What are stratified epithelium cells?
multiple layers of cells: squamous, keratinised e.g. skin
non keratinised e.g. oesophagus, inside mouth
What are specialised epithelial cells
secretion
secretory glands
microvilli
cilia
What is the gastric pit made of?
1) mucus layer (glycosylated proteins: gels)
2) mucous cell/ neck cell (produce mucus, line most of stomach surface)
3) parietal cell (produce gastric acid)
4) other cell types (G cells produce gastrin, chief cells produce pepsin)
5) connective tissue (fibroblast cells, blood cells)
What cells are the mucous cell/neck cells made from?
single layer of epithelial cell
What does the mucous layer in the stomach protect against?
gastric acid
What is the basolateral membrane?
facing epithelial cells/ supporting tissue
What is the apical membrane?
facing lumen
What do tight junctions do?
prevent passage of small molecules and fluid between cells
What do anchoring junctions do?
linked to cytoskeletal structures (mostly intermediate filaments) and provide rigidity in a group of cells
What do gap junctions do?
provide channels between cells, facilitating movement of small molecules between neighbouring cells
What is mucus made from?
network of proteins with sugar polymers attached
What is glycosylation?
Post translational modification of amino acid chain with sugar moieties
What is the importance of glycosylation?
Secreted proteins
Blood type antigens
Immunity
What is the process of protein sorting and membrane bound secreted proteins?
1) synthesis (translation) in rough endoplasmic reticulum
2) vesicles transport proteins from ER to Golgi
3) transport vesicles move to membrane
4) membrane fusion
- delivery of membrane bound proteins to surface
- secretion of extra cellular proteins
