C1 - Language Over Time 📇

Question 1

Word classes

Answer 1

Proper nouns - specific people and places
Common nouns - types of people, places and feelings
Concrete nouns - physical things
Abstract nouns - feelings and ideas etc
Collective nouns - groups of people or objects

Question 2

The printing press

Answer 2

Mid 1400s, Gutenberg made the first printing press in Germany

Question 3

Auxiliary verbs

Answer 3

Adds additional functional meaning to the clause by adding tense etc

Question 4

MAFF

Answer 4

Mode
Audience
Function
Field

Question 5

Grapheme

Answer 5

Letter

Question 6

Back channel behaviour

Answer 6

Noises to show you’re still listening

Question 7

Interactive function

Answer 7

Active dialogue between people

Question 8

Tag question

Answer 8

Question at end of speech

Question 9

Lexis

Answer 9

Vocabulary

Question 10

Syntax

Answer 10

Arrangement of words to create a well formed sentence

Question 11

Dominance approach Lakoff

Answer 11

Considers language differences to be a reflection of traditional social roles in society

Question 12

Dale spender

Answer 12

Man made language

Question 13

Idiolect

Answer 13

Speech habits of an individual which are as distinct to them as a fingerprint

Question 14

Collocations

Answer 14

Two words commonly put together

Question 15

Pragmatics

Answer 15

Meanings understood in a social context

Question 16

Aristotles rhetoric

Answer 16

Logos. - appeal to reason
Ethos - persuasive appeal to one’s character
Pathos - appeal to emotion

Question 17

Johnson’s dictionary

Answer 17

1755 first fully comprehensive dictionary

Question 18

Romaine

Answer 18

Theory about language change being influenced by internal and external factors

Question 19

Prescriptivist

Answer 19

Only one write way to use English language

Question 20

Pre modifiers

Answer 20

Words before the noun

Question 21

Post modifiers

Answer 21

Words at the end of a noun

Question 22

Giles accommodation theory

Answer 22

Convergence and divergence

Question 23

Idioms

Answer 23

Metaphors

Question 24

Colloquial

Answer 24

Informal language

Question 25

Contractions

Answer 25

Shortened words (can’t)

Question 26

Synthetic personalisation

Answer 26

Creating a fake relationship with the audience

Question 27

Halliday

Answer 27

Language adapts to suit the need of its user

Question 28

Conditional clause

Answer 28

If clause, can be moved

Question 29

Adverbial clause

Answer 29

Displays time, can be moved

Question 30

Relative clause

Answer 30

Can’t be moved, who, which etc

Question 31

Overt prestige

Answer 31

Power and knowledge

Question 32

Goffman’s Face theory

Answer 32

Positive face and face threatening act

Question 33

Covert prestige

Answer 33

Helps to create tenor

Question 34

Demotic lexis

Answer 34

Speaking to gain relativism to audience

Question 35

Trudgill Norwich study

Answer 35

Lower classes used non standard pronunciations like dropping the r. Men more likely to speak with non standard language to gain covert prestige

Question 36

Tannen difference theory

Answer 36

Status vs. support
Advice vs. understanding
Information vs. feelings
Orders vs. proposals
Conflict vs. compromise